Changes to Knighthood throughout the Years - 942 Words

Throughout the years knighthood has changed depending on what the people need and expect during that time period. They also vary on their manners, duties, ages, and skills. Kids start training since the age of seven, especially if they want to be in the arms profession. Start out by serving their fathers, around the age of 12, they then move onto serving the house receiving more advanced instructions in military subjects and morals. The original medieval nights were originally servants who kept their lords lands after they served in their lords armies. With time christian values were added to knighthood â€Å"involving respect for the church, protection of the poor and the weak, loyalty to one’s feudal or military superiors, and preservation of personal honour† (Knight 3). These became known as the knights orders they followed to achieve greatness. The first recognized group of knights evolved during the Crusades. There was several different groups of them including the Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem, the Order of the Temple of Solomon, and the Order of St. Lazarus. While they were all considered knights each group had a different task and set of goals to accomplish. Not all of them fought in battles and saved princesses and kingdoms. For example, the Order of St. Lazarus had the unique duty of protecting the leper hospitals. Knights served more like the police officers and army of today combined under one category. The closest they became to the idealShow MoreRelatedThe Middle Ages : Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1742 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Page started at the age of 7. As a Page, future knights learned all their basic skills through sports. Learning the basic skills of riding horses, swimming, climbing, and wrestling was present during this time. The next stage of knighthood began at 14 years old in w hich the young man was called a Squire. During this stage, the young men would learn the concept of what chivalry is. The Squire practiced the use of weapons and learned how to strengthen their social skills. Along with practicingRead More Arthur Birling at the Beginning of Act One in An Inspector Calls1215 Words   |  5 Pagesthere would be no war, world war 1 started two years later and world war 2 ended in mid 1945; there were sturdy comparisons and discrimination between the upper and lower classes in the 1912 era but the class distinctions had significantly reduced in 1945 as a result of two world wars; the ruling classes saw no necessities in changing the status quo but in the time in which ‘An Inspector Calls’ was written, there was a great passion for social change in the classes and immediately after worldRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1514 Words   |  7 Pagesthe mid to late fourteenth century by an unknown author. Throughout the tale, Sir Gawain, a Knight at the Round Table in Camelot, is presented with many hardships, the first being a challenge on Christmas by a man in which, â€Å"Everything about him was an elegant green† (161). This â€Å"Green Knight† challenged someone in Camelot to accept his game which they will chop off his head with his axe and the Green Knight will do the same to the player a year and a day later. Sir Gawain stepped up to the challengeRead MoreThe Role of Arthur Birling in An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley1133 Words   |  5 PagesArthur hopes to get a Knighthood, he believes that he will due to all the work he has done for the community. He was Lord Mayor for two years and he still is a member of the bench. Mr Birling knows that Gerald’s family believe him to be marrying below his social status so he tells Gerald to drop hints to them about him gaining a Knight Hood in the hope it will impress them. His biggest fear when the Inspector has left is that he won’t get his Knighthood and that there will beRead Morejlok]1986 Words   |  8 Pagesland granted to the vassal. homage --A ceremony which bound the vassals physical protection for the lord of the manor. investiture-- The vassal gives his allegiance and is given his rights to control the land but not have ownership of it. knighthood --Able-bodied men who are hired by the vassal for the protection of the lord. standing army --A group of soldiers ready to do battle. subinfeudation --Breaking down an already-smaller portion of land in exchange for services and protection.Read MoreThe Hundred Years War And Feudal Society1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe Hundred Years’ War and Feudal Society Why did the feudal order of Medieval society fall apart? The feudal order of the Middle Ages was a system of local rule, where powerful lords gave land and protection in exchange for loyalty and military service from lesser lords. Tradition dictated that this exchange would be held in place by the feudal contract, consisting of multiple pledges. This resulted in small communities consisting of one powerful lord, peasants, and serfs who worked for the lordRead MoreEssay on Gender Bias for Men in the Field of Nursing690 Words   |  3 Pagesnurses. These admiral women provided for the casualties during Civil War in 1861. Historical figures like Clara Barton and Dorthea Dix served respectively as supervisor and superintendent throughout the Civil War, and are known for their phenomenal works. While the names of such prominent female figures echo throughout the history of nursing, men also play a very significant role in contributing to battlefield nursing, however they are not as pop ular. Don Sadler’s article, â€Å"As the numbers grow, willRead More Medieval Chivalry Essay2847 Words   |  12 Pages Western Civilization Medieval Chivalry and Knighthood During medieval times knighthood was a class culture, cherished and jealousy guarded by the knightly caste. Knight had the honor of defending the king as well as their country. On the bloody fields of battle a code of chivalry evolved that tempered anger and fury with mercy. It created ways of turning the grim business of fighting into something tolerable, perhaps even acceptable. Chivalry was not only looked upon as a code for war; it wasRead More Imagination in Don Quixote by Miguel Cervantes Essays932 Words   |  4 Pagesknight errant he runs into her and tells her that he will serve under her. He gives her the name Princess Dulcinea and is willing to do anything she desires. Throughout much of the story she thinks that he is mocking her because she is just a mere peasant, but when she realizes that his imagination has taken over his mind her feelings change. He sees her as a princess in his own mind because he sees through social status and looks at people for who they are. Don Quixote is one of the first peopleRead MoreCantos Themes Of Chivalry In The Green Knight905 Words   |  4 Pagesa challenge to test the knights chivalry. The challenge is simple, someone can cut the Green Knights head off as long as he is able to do it to them one year from now. Gawain takes the Green Knight’s challenge and cuts his head off with an axe, but to everyones surprise the Green Knight lives. Gawain now has to challenge the knight in a year and is worried about the encounter. Gawain shows chivalry when he accepts the knights challenge and doesnt try to get out of it after he founds out the outcome

Remote Access And Using Extensible Authentication Protocol...

Remote Access Business today never sleeps in large part to advances in technology. Because of this, users often need access to sensitive company data outside the office which presents many security challenges. Not only is the end user accessing your network resources and potentially sensitive data, but they are many times doing so from a public network which the admin has no control over and is open to others who may have malicious intent. These connections clearly need to be properly secured in order provide end users secure network connections. To secure remote connections, a virtual private network (VPN) will created using the Routing and Remote Access feature available within Windows Server 2012 R2. This feature allows end users to create a secure connection to the network by using Extensible Authentication Protocol-Transport Level Security (EAP-TLS) in addition to smartcards for authentication purposes. Traffic will also be encrypted by using Layer Two Tunneling Protocol over IP SEC (TechNet, 2016). To implement this configuration properly, the certificate authority mentioned above will be used to provide certificates to the servers and clients to authenticate and encrypt transmissions over public networks. The network firewall will be configured to accept this traffic and direct it to the VPN server. This configuration will allow secured remote connections to network resources for employees and end users. Malware Protection To properly protect network resourcesShow MoreRelatedWireless Security And The Internet1404 Words   |  6 PagesWireless Security Protocols - A Brief History Different protocols for wireless security were used throughout the years. In 1997, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) was introduced. It is a security algorithm that was part of the original 802.11 standard. It was suppose to provide data confidentiality comparable to that of wired networks. WEP has many well-known security flaws, is difficult to configure, and is easily broken. However, in 2003, the Wi-fi Protected Access (WPA) security protocol has replacedRead MoreA Study On Wireless Network1097 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction. A WLAN is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using a wireless distribution method within a limited area such as an office building. It provides short range wireless high speed data connections between devices such as laptops and phones and a nearby special hard ware connected to a wired network. It tries to imitate the structure of the wired LANs using another medium to transfer data instead of cables. This medium uses Radio Frequency which is electromagneticRead MoreThe Technology of Computer Networks2197 Words   |  9 Pagesattacker can get on the wireless network , set up which has not been given due attention ? Thats the standard list: - Access to resources Wi-Fi users , and through it, to the resources of LAN. - Distortion passing over a data network. - Theft of Internet traffic. - Attack of the PC users and network servers (eg , Denial of Service , or even jamming radio ) . - Introduction of a fake access point - Spamming, illegal activities on behalf of the attacked network. CHRONICLE In 1997 the first standard IEEERead MoreVirtual Private Network ( Vpn ) Service And Steps1438 Words   |  6 Pagesnetwork and operating system for the VPN services. It will look at the types of connections a small business might expect to encounter when using VPN s. The security concerns of choices in the set up of the connections for both parties including: type of encryption available and Firewall issues. Last of all what are the overall security concerns when using a VPN including problems with a discussion of fixes and security patches. Security Concerns and the Use of VPN for Small Businesses SmallRead MoreWireless Technology Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pagescompany LANs have been using the 802.11b standard for years now but are slowly moving to stronger and faster wireless networking standards. The 802.11a wireless networking standard is not as common as 802.11b but is still utilized in many wireless networks. Primarily used in Europe and other foreign countries, 802.11a operates at a higher frequency than 802.11b at 5 GHz and at a higher speed as well at 55mbps. There are some advantages and disadvantages however to using the 802.11a wireless networkingRead MoreEssay on It 260 Quiz 1-51418 Words   |  6 PagesWhich of the following features provides UNIX clients with Microsoft Windows printing capabilities? †¢ Internet Printing Client †¢ MPIO †¢ LPR Port Monitor feature (correct answer, your response) †¢ Remote Assistance Which of the following roles must be installed with the Fax Server role on a Windows Server 2008 computer? †¢ Active Directory Certificate Services †¢ UDDI Services †¢ Print Services (correct answer, your response) †¢ Web Server (IIS) When a client runsRead Morelab 5 Essay719 Words   |  3 Pagescategories used to provide authentication of an individual? a. Password b. Token c. Shared Secret 2. What is Authorization and how is this concept aligned with Identification and Authentication? Authorization is a set of rights defined for a subject and an object; this concept is aligned with Identification and Authentication because these are the 3 steps to the access control process 3. Provide at least 3 examples of Network Architecture Controls that help enforce data access policies at LAN-to-WANRead MoreCase Study : Big Company, Inc.1870 Words   |  8 Pagesthreats to access control, data privacy, data integrity, and ultimately BIG Company business reputation. The scope of this assessment encompassed the following insecure configurations and risks for BIG Company (the following was based from the assignment given for the project): †¢ Employees have not been trained on the basics of computer security for BIG Company †¢ The company has a firewall, but is not configured properly; therefore allowing malicious connections. †¢ Employees have access to the companyRead MoreUsing Virtual Private Networks ( Tyson )2186 Words   |  9 Pagessecure there internet connection they might be hacked sensitive information pertaining to the business might be seen by competitors or unwanted people. One of the most popular way that companies in today’s world secure their internet connection is by using Virtual Private Networks (Tyson, How VPNs work). Or VPN for short. A VPN is a private network that usually uses a public network most time the internet to connect users who are away from each other or not connected to the same network. The way thatRead MoreExample Of Platform Iot896 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment. The platform ManIoT also takes into account the heterogeneity of the devices or things. So ManIoT not require major modifications or installations of additional software on the devices on the network or on user devices. Application access platform ManIoT and conducted through a Web interface. \begin{figure}[!ht] \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.54]{maniot.PNG} \caption{ManIoT: Local Management Architecture.} \label{fig:Local} \end{figure} The ManIoT specify a model

Dsd for us free essay sample

If you use your paper, be sure to revise it according to what you have learned about effective communication in this unit. Turning something written into something spoken requires some care. Some sentences or phrases that work fine in writing may be awkward when spoken and should be revised. Some ideas may need reorganizing to be effective as speech, also. Practicing your speech out loud will help you find these awkward spots. Jog for Your Health Knowing a Foreign Language Can Be Helpful How to Take Good Snapshots Instructions:Complete each step In the following list as you plan your speech. Decide on the central idea and form It Into one sentence. Choose the main points of your argument and arrange them in a logical order. Consider the audience in your selection of verbal and nonverbal techniques. Select the specific details or examples that will support each main point. Map out the introduction. We will write a custom essay sample on Dsd for us or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Use props, visual aids, graphs and electronic media to enhance your speech. Make an outline of the entire speech. Plan the concluding statement.Be sure you have moved smoothly from one idea to another. Type out your speech and let the teacher look at it before you present it. Compile concise notes which will aid you in an extemporaneous delivery. Present your speech, using the correct techniques of speaking. Gather data as you listen to other students speeches. Develop a feedback form which you compile from the above questions. For example: Was the central idea stated? Make sure the form information gives encouragement as well as suggestions for improvement.

Thanatopsis My View On Life And Death free essay sample

Thanatopsis: My Position On Life And Death Essay, Research Paper Focus Correction Areas 3 Quotation marks Clear account of my position of life and decease Creativity 2 pages ; standard paper signifier My Position On Life And Death Thanatopsis, a verse form by William Cullen Bryant, tells about how when one dies the grave becomes an eternal universe, how the asleep become one with the Earth, the trees, and everything that is great within the Earth, and how when one dies they do non decease entirely. He uses strong words to depict the feelings and visions one sees when they are in their last hours and even after they have passed off. The writer makes decease seem like something that should non be feared and should about be looked frontward to. ? When ideas of the last acrimonious hr come like a blight over thy spirit, and sad images of the austere torment, and shroud, and chill, and breathless darkness, and the narrow house, make thee to shiver, and turn ill at heart- Go Forth, under the unfastened sky, and list to Nature? s instructions, while from all around- Earth and her Waterss, and the deepnesss of air- comes a still voice? ( Bryant 153 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Thanatopsis My View On Life And Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I think that Bryant is taking what can be considered the stereotype of what decease and deceasing feels like and seting it in some really descriptive and strong words. He so goes on to demo, from what I gather, how one should truly experience when deceasing. I think the writer? s sentiment of decease is that it should be a happy and restful experience. He tries to demo that when deceasing alternatively of experiencing deep sorrow and hurting you will go embraced by mother nature and her composure and it will be a soothing experience instead than a painful and annihilating experience. After reading this verse form and seeing such strong descriptive words I can understand and about invision how death could be a pleasant experience, instead than traveling along with most of societies stereotyped thoughts of how decease truly is. ? Earth that nourished thee, shall claim thy growing, to be resolved to earth once more, and, lost each human hint, give uping up thine single being, shalt 1000 go to blend everlastingly with the elements, to be a brother to the insensible stone and to the sulky ball, which the rude boyfriend turns with his portion, and paces upon? ( Bryant 153 ) . In stating this, the writer is seeking to state that when 1 has to the full embraced decease, alternatively of remaining in a little grave in the land, the deceased will go one with the Earth. Even in demoing how decease is fantastic he uses such powerful, descriptive words. Becoming a portion of the Earth and befriending all the elements sounds like a dream semen true the manner he puts it. It about seems as if this is how Bryant portrays heaven or the after life. This is another manner of demoing how decease should be a pleasant, soothing experience. In my sentiment, if how he describes this portion of deceasing is truly how it is, than I would wholly endorse him up on his point that decease should be a pleasant experience. I am open conditions I should fear decease or if I should look frontward to it. ? Yet non to thine ageless resting-place shalt 1000 retire entirely, nor couldst 1000 wish couch more brilliant. Thou shalt lie down with patriarchs of the infant world- with male monarchs, the powerful of the earth- the wise, the good, just signifiers, and grey visionaries of ages past, all in one mighty burial chamber? ( Bryant 153 ) . In lines 31 through 37 of Thanatopsis, as quoted above, Bryant says that when a asleep one lays down into his or her ageless resting topographic point they could neer conceive of such a fantastic topographic point to put down everlastingly. He continues to state, as he does in the remainder of the verse form, that one? s ageless resting topographic point could neer hold been thought of as such a fantastic topographic point that one could love so much. In a manner he describes it to be a immense sofa which when you lay down upon it you merely run in and neer feel like acquiring up, by stating? nor couldst 1000 wish couch more brilliant? . The manner he describes the resting topographic point sounds precisely like the stereotype that has besides been formed of what Eden is like, a fantastic topographic point where you sleep in the clouds and are joined with all of the people and things you love. In reading the verse form and composing this response I have thought a batch about wether or non deceasing should be something to look frontward to or to fear. When reading Bryant? s strong descriptive words about how great deceasing really is I have been swayed to believe that I should look frontward to it. The manner the writer describes it so deeply it has made me believe that he has really died and been at that place, with the elements and with mother Earth. I wonder how he could explicate such a thing with such item and preciseness unless he has been at that place.

The Masque Of The Red Death Language And Symbolism Essays

The Masque of the Red Death: Language and Symbolism Edgar Allen Poe's The Masque of the Red Death is an elaborate allegory that combines objects in the story with visual descriptions to give focus to the reader's imagination. In the story, a prince named Properso tries to dodge the Red Death through isolation and seclusion. He hides behind impenetrable walls of his castellated abbey and lets the world take care of its own. But no walls can stop death because it is unavoidable and inevitable. Visual descriptions in the story are used to symbolize death. Poe's use of language and symbolism is shown in his description of the seventh room in the suite, the ebony clock, and the fire. These objects are used to depict the theme of the story death "held illimitable dominion over all" (363). The first symbolic mean of death is depicted in the seventh room in the suite. Poe says, "The seventh apartment was closely shrouded in black velvet tapestries that hung all over the ceiling and down the walls, falling in heavy folds upon a carpet of the same material and hue" (359). He uses the seventh room to symbolize the final stage of life, death. He sees the black velvet tapestries as blood flowing from the ceiling and walls to the floor. The relationship between blood and death is important because he wants the reader to have a visual image of the blood pouring down the walls as a form of death. The fire lighting the suite of rooms is another object in the story that represented death. He says, "...There stood, opposite to each window, a heavy tripod, bearing a brazier of fire that projected its rays through the tinted glass... But in the western or black chamber the effect of the firelight that streamed upon the dark hangings through the blood-tinted panes, was ghastly in the extreme, and produced so wild a look upon the countenances of those who entered..." (359). The fire was meant to produce a shadowy atmosphere in the west and a favorable one in the east. This is symbolic to the sunrise in the east and sunset in the west because light means life and darkness means death. Poe uses darkness as another visual representation of death. The gigantic clock of ebony is another symbolic object in the story. "Its pendulum swung to and fro with a dull, heavy, monotonous clang; and when the minute hand made the circuit...it was observed that the giddiest turned pale, and the more aged and sedate passed their hands over their brows as if in confused reverie or meditation" (359). Hour by hour, minute by minute, second by second, the life of the ebony clock slowly dies. Poe uses the clock as a symbolic mean that man can escape death, but at the end it is inescapable. The ebony clock is a reminder to Prince Properso and his guests of their remaining time before death. Poe's description of the clock's chimes is successful as a constant reminder of their death. Prince Properso's efforts of avoid the epidemic is unsuccessful because death will eventually conquer all who oppose. His ultimate enemy was his refusal to except death as it comes. Poe is successful in showing the importance of language and symbolism to visualize death. Poe's mastery of language and symbolism helped bring the story to life and bring new meaning to death. April 2, 1998 English III Honors

Value of Flexible Management Essays

Value of Flexible Management Essays Value of Flexible Management Paper Value of Flexible Management Paper Introduction Prior to researching this topic, my impression of management was limited. My concept was meshed within the framework of business and economics. Therefore, my definition of this construct was in error. For rectification, and foundational reference, management is the process of directing resources towards the accomplishment of a specific goal. This definition, one that I have derived from the compilation of many, incorporates two key variables. The first operative word in this definition is â€Å"resources. Resources can mean anything from money, employees, athletes, students, or just about any organized effort, group or cohort. The other functional variable in this definition is â€Å"goal. † The goal or aim of the organized effort can be defined in countless ways, not only in terms of economic gains or corporate success. This definition helps to illustrate just how much management filters through a gamete of industries. Management roles ar e found in business as well as sports, academics, and many other industries in many forms. Now that there is a foundation for what management is, why is this process important? Management has the ability to realize potential and direct resources in such a way that will optimize the return on the invested resources. Managers can create opportunities of advantage and promote successful goal attainment. Herein lays the importance of this role. Effective management ensures that with the application of minimal resources, there will be a return of maximum benefits. Since there are such benefits of good management, it is helpful to explore the variety of styles. This paper will, first, outline the major styles of management. While there are many different names and classifications of management styles; there are three main types. These include autocratic, participatory, and laissez-faire. The major difference of the three styles is the degree to which the manager directs the given resources. The autocratic style of management involves the managers making all the decisions for resources, with no other input. The participative style of management calls for the consultation of others, such as employees, in the decision-making process. In laissez-faire style of management, the manager has little to no part in the direction of resources. Considering the differences of these major styles of management, is there one style that takes precedence over another? Is there a â€Å"best† managerial practice? In 2006, Harvard Business School published an article delving into the differences of management techniques (Silverthorne, 2006). The basis of the article explores how one’s management style is heavily influenced by what kind of person they are. Therefore, managers need to be aware of the type of person they are to fully understand how they manage and in what situations they will be successful. This article supports the notion that a manager’s effectiveness is limited by their dominant style of management. In addition, because of personal dispositions, managers are unable to change themselves and must be careful to align themselves with situations that agree with their style of management. In reality, this construct is quite impractical. We are, oftentimes, unable to choose the situations in which we operate, professionally. How, then, does one manage effectively? Various management styles can be employed dependent on the culture of the business and the nature of the task, workforce, and resources. This idea supports that the prevailing circumstances dictate the most effective management style and managers should exercise a range of techniques. This is the subsequent focus of this discussion. While many are defined by a dominant style of management, an effective manager is one who can adapt their management techniques to a variety as they arise. Autocratic Management Autocratic Management is the style in which the manager has the greatest degree of control over the direction of the resources. In this style, managers make all decisions unilaterally. Managers usually dictate orders and employ a strict system of checks and balances to ensure adherence to protocols. Also know as directive management, managers tell their subordinates what to do, how to do it and when to have it completed by (Coye Belohlav, 1995, p 16). They assign roles and responsibilities, set standards, and define expectations. Within this style of management communication is one way, and go from management to resources. For example, when the manager speaks the employee listens and reacts. As defined above, the purpose of management is to direct resources toward a goal. In autocratic management, the manager sets all goals with specific deadlines to track progress. The autocratic manager is the principal of the decision making process. When a problem arise the resources report to the manager and the manager evaluates the options and makes the decision as to the direction and action that should be taken (Coye Belohlav, 1995). In terms of management feedback, the autocratic style of management calls for detailed instructions of changes that need to be made to the final product. Any rewards and recognition bestowed by autocratic managers are dictated by how well people follow directions. A perfect illustration of a working application of the autocratic style of management can be seen though the management employed in United States Military. Within the military the ranking system sets a scene for the role of the manager. In accordance with a strict chain of commands, members with a higher rank than another, have the responsibility to direct the actions of subordinates (See Exhibit A). Subordinates such as Airmen, in the U. S. Air Force, are charged with carrying out the orders of their Sergeants and other commanding officers. There is no discussion or exchange of ideas. Here, managers, or senior officers, give directions and expect that their resources are allocated according to exact orders. Goals are set by military officials and then handed down through the ranks. All strategy is developed by high ranking members, as well. Members of the military are rewarded with a successive rank as a result of properly serving within their assigned role. Though autocratic management seems limited, there are definite benefits to behold. Because there is clear direction given by managers who subscribe to the autocratic style, there is no confusion about expectations. This clear understanding of what is expected promotes tasks being completed according to deadline and product consistency. Along with the positive aspects of the autocratic management style there are certain negative points. With this type of management, employees or resources have no input in the tasks that they are given (Vanderburg, 2004). This causes the producer to be disconnected from the product. Resources do not feel valued and have no ownership in their work. Therefore there is a decrease in motivation and a high turnover rate. (See Exhibit B) Participative Management The participative style of management is different from autocratic in that there is a lesser degree of direction from the manager. A participative manager, rather than making exclusive decisions, seeks to incorporate others in the process. Participative managers possibly include subordinates, peers, superiors and other stakeholders in the decision-making process (Coleman, 2004). Because this type of manager considers the views of others, decisions are often made based on the agreement of the majority. Although there is major consideration of external sources, the most participative activity remains within the immediate team of peers. The participative manager allows less control and direction to transfer to subordinates. The question of how much influence may vary on the personal preferences and beliefs of the manager. This style of management may also be known as the democratic style. The communication is quite extensive in this style of management. There is considerable exchange in both directions, from manager to resources and vice-versa (Coleman, 2004). The ideal is for the majority to reach a consensus over a business decision. The goal setting process is also done in a cooperative effort. Participative managers decide upon goals with the consideration of outside ideas, as well. The accessibility of reaching these goals is also a point of discussion in the participative style of management. This type of manager has a paternal quality in that the well-being and success of subordinates, peers, superiors and other resources are taken into account (Coleman, 2004). Therefore the decision-making process is not unilateral. The participative management style promotes constructive manger feedback. If changes are to be made to the product, there is discussion of the direction that should be taken. Participative managers give positive feedback, as well. This is in line with the paternal characteristics of this style of management. When deciding on rewards and recognition, participative management incorporates the performance review process. Because participative managers welcome the active role of subordinates, they are willing to discuss employee performance, celebrate strengths, and develop weaknesses. This type of management is, perhaps, the most prevalent in the infrastructure of many large corporations, today. Corporations such as IBM, Home Depot, Pitney Bowes and countless others have embraced participative management style. It is very common for employees to operate in cohorts and subgroups and work as teams. Many are given year-end performance reviews and are able to access company management. The participative style of management can be particularly useful when complex decisions need to be made that require a range of specialist skills. From the overall businesss point of view, job satisfaction and quality of work will improve. By creating a sense of ownership in the company, participative management instills a sense of pride and motivates employees to increase productivity in order to achieve their goals. However, the decision-making process is severely slowed down, and the need of a consensus may avoid taking the best decision for the business. It can also grant decision-making responsibility to unqualified parties. In some cases of participatory management, decisions are swayed by politics and hidden agendas; which can also act as a barrier to the best business decision. (See Exhibit C) Laissez-faire Management The management style with the least degree of managerial direction of resources is known as laissez-faire. In this particular style the manager’s role is very much â€Å"hands-off† and peripheral (McCoy, 1996). The resources, be it employees, or others; manage their own area of business. There is an evasion of official managerial duties and uncoordinated delegation is, often times, inevitable. The communication within laissez-faire management is horizontal but flat. There is little to no communication that occurs in comparison to the autocratic and participatory styles of management. With no communication there is no opportunity for goal setting. Resources have to be internally motivated and set their own goals. Managers who participate in this type of management also incorporate unilateral decision making within their framework (McCoy, 1996). However, it is not the manager who engages in this practice. It is the subordinates and resources who are totally responsible for making all decisions. Because managers are uninvolved in the production processes in laissez-faire management, they provide no feedback or rewards for a job well done. A real-world example of laissez-faire management can be seen in partnerships of colleges. We can think in terms of a law firm, a private medical practice, a consulting firm or any other cooperative effort in which all parties posses a similar level of expertise. A more vivid illustration can be made through the following example. As emergency room doctors, with equal training, receive a patient, they simply begin to take action without formal direction. As we can glean from the above example, there are certain situations in which it is effective to apply laissez-faire management. An environment in which employees are highly skilled, experienced and educated is a prime setting to apply the laissez-faire practices. This creates a setting where employees have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own. Employees who thrive under this type of management are usually trust worthy and experienced. On the contrary this style of management would be detrimental in situations were the resources needed direction and lack experience. Laissez-faire management may cause employees to feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager. The manager does not provide regular feedback to let employees know how well they are doing or how they may improve. This leads to a lack of staff focus and sense of direction, which in turn leads to much dissatisfaction, and a poor company image. (See Exhibit D) The Most Effective Style After considering the three major styles of management above, there must be one model that supersedes the others. Perhaps we are more apt to choose participative management as the most effective. This would not be a far reaching selection, since it was the style of management that prevailed in the 1970s (Robbins, 2005). The participative style of management was seen as an amalgamation of democratic styles of management. It represented the most successful qualities of each style. The participative style of management is alive and well in the infrastructure of business models. It is probably the style of management that the majority of people are familiar with, and the style that most mangers strive to imitate. However, I do not accept that perfection has been attained within the participative style of management. There are very apparent limitation like slow business processes and difficult decision making that can undercut the best interest of a business (Keef, 2004). If the participative style of management is not the most effective; is there a â€Å"best† practice? Although participative management is quite popular, we may be witness to a shift in ideology. More and more, business leaders and managers are subscribing to the effectiveness of versatility rather than one dominant management style (Sumukadas Sawhney, 2004, p 1013). It is more efficient for a manager to apply the most effective style of management as situations arise rather than use a cookie-cutter approach. This flexible approach to management is the most practical when considering today’s changing technology, global trading and dynamics of business. Managers must be willing to abandon traditional ways of decision-making and adapt to their environment, in order to stay competitive and collect the greatest return on invested resources. In such a growing, diversified business landscape, one manager may be responsible for new hires, project management, and resource development. In order to best handle the new hires, this manager must take an autocratic approach, and painstakingly detail expectation. When acting as project manager, this same manager must incorporate a more participative style. Projects are, usually, assigned to a team of resources that come together in a collective exchange of expertise. The manager would then garner optimal results by delegating resource development to industry experts, and taking a laissez-faire approach. It is most valuable for one manager to be all things to all people. In essence, the most effective style of manager knows what style to apply in every situation. Though they were not managers in the conventional business industry, Bobby Knight and Mike Krzyzewski, dubbed Coach K, are fine examples of effective managerial practices. To further expand the analogy, I offer that their business was college basketball; their resources were young athletes, and their goal was the glory of a national championship. Many argue that these two coaches are among the most successful in the game of college basketball; though, their overt management styles could not be more different. Both coaches support the idea that one’s ability to exhibit various style of management is the most effective style of management. Both coaches exhibit key behaviors that are inline with flexibility in management. Both coaches are aware of and understand their personal assumptions and human nature. This promotes the awareness of how human nature influences their behaviors and automatic responses to given situations. This understanding of personal tendencies and over styles, allows a manger to rise about inherent responses and adapt their leadership and management skills to effectively govern a circumstance. Coach Bobby Knight was overtly a top-down, autocratic manager to his college basketball players. He would throw chairs, yell, get physical, and tightly supervise his team toward winning games. However, as Coach Knight’s style would change as he spent more time with his team (Sliverthorne, 2006, p 2). His control and direction was relaxed as he was confident in the training and ability of his players. Over the years, Coach Knight managed his athletes according to their needs for direction. He exhibited â€Å"tough-love† and versatility in management, and led many victories in college basketball. Coach Mike Krzyzewski’s overt management style would be defined at the other end of the spectrum. He had more of a laissez-fair management philosophy. Coach K believed that â€Å"people were fundamentally good and they want to do their best and would be self-motivated to perform. † (Silverthorne, 2006, p 1). Though Coach K had this inherent approach, he definitely knew how to mobilize and motivate his players. He knew how to toughen up and manage his players more autocratically. He also determined his management techniques according to the tasks and resources at hand, which lead to many won games. There is a twist to this pseudo-case study of mangers. In the 1960s, Coach Knight was a basketball coach at the U. S. Military Academy at West Point, where he recruited a young Mike Krzyzewski. â€Å"Coach K was a young scrappy kid. He wasn’t the best athlete on the team, but he had a lot of leadership potential,† remarked Knight (Silverthorne, 2006, p 2). After Krzyzewski left the Army, he joined Knight as a graduate assistant at Indiana, where Knight was a valuable mentor. Though very different in nature, the coaches have been great friends for many years. Though these coaches have very different overt styles, their situational adaptability allows them to share in the success of effective management and many college basketball victories. Conclusion There is greater value found in managing according to a given situation than applying a â€Å"one-size-fits-all† approach. The three major types of management all have effective practices. Therefore it is more appropriate to be autocratic to resources that require detailed direction, participative to peers and engaged employees, and laissez-faire to high-level experts. A aluable lesson can be gained from successful managers like Bobby Knight and Coach Krzyzewski. In order to nurture their resources to create the greatest return on investment, they had to become all things to all men. In the end it is adaptability that will not only support survival, but success, as well. References Coleman, P. T. (2004) Implicit Theories of Organizational Power and Priming Effects on Managerial Power- Sharing Decisions: An Experimental Study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 34, no. 2: 297–321. Retrieved October 24, 2007, from tc. columbia. edu/icccr/Documents/Coleman/AbstractImplicitTheories. df Coye, R. W. , and J. A. Belohlav. (1995) An Exploratory Analysis of Employee Participation. Group and Organization Management 20, no. 1: 4–17. Greenfield, W. M. (2004) Decision Making and Employee Engagement. Employment Relations Today 31, no. 2: 13–24. Kaner, S. , and L. Lind. (1996) Facilitators Guide to Participatory Decision-making. Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers. Keef, L. (2004) Generating Quality Interaction. Occupational Health Safety 73, no. 5:30–31. McCoy, T. J. (1996)Creating an Open Book Organization: Where Employees Think and Act Like Business Partners. New York: Amacom. Robbins, S. P. Essentials of Organizational Behavior. (2005)8th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Silverthorne, S. (2006) â€Å"On Managing with Bobby Knight and â€Å"Coach K†. † Lessons from The Classroom. Boston, Massachusetts. Retrieved October 27, 2007, from http://hbswk. hbs. edu/pdf/item/5464. pdf Sumukadas, N. , and R. Sawhney. (2004): Workforce Agility through Employee Involvement. IIE Transactions 36, no. 10 1011–1021. Vanderburg, D. (2004) The Story of Semco: The Company that Humanized Work. Bulletin of Science, Technology Society 24, no. : 430–34. Retrieved October 24, 2007 from brainfuel. tv/maverick-the-story-of-semco-an-amazing- workplace Weiss, W. H. (1998) Improving Employee Performance: Major Supervisory Responsibility. Supervision, 6–8. Exhibits Exhibit A List of Military Rank ________________________________________ Officers LetterNavyArmy/Air Force/Marines O-12 (GAm ) Grand Admiral O-11(FAm ) Flee t Admiral(COp) Chief of Operations O-10(Adm ) Admiral(Gen) General O-9(VAdm ) Vice Admiral(LtG) Lieutenant General O-8(RAdmU) Rear Admiral(MG ) Major General O-7(RADmL) Commodore(BG ) Brigadier General O-6(Capt ) Captain(Col) Colonel O-5(Cdr ) Commander(LtC) Lieutenant Colonel O-4(LCdr ) Lieutenant Commander(Maj) Major O-3(Lt ) Lieutenant (Cap) Captain O-2(LtJG ) Lieutenant Junior Grade(1Lt) First Lieutenant O-1(Ens ) Ensign(2Lt) Second Lieutenant Warrant Officers W-4(CW4) Chief Warrant Officer W-3(CW3) Chief Warrant Officer W-2(CW2) Chief Warrant Officer W-1(WO1) Warrant Officer Enlisted Personnel GradeNavyMarinesAir ForceArmy E-9(MCPO) Master Chief Petty Officer(SgtMaj) Sergeant Major(CMSgt) Chief Master Sergeant(CSM) Command Sergeant Major E-9(MGySgt) Master Gunnery Sergeant(SGM) Sergeant Major E-8(SCPO) Senior Cheif Petty Officer(1stSgt) First Sergeant(SMSgt) Senior Master Sergeant(1SG) First Sergeant E-8(MSgt ) Master Sergeant(MSG) Master Sergeant E-7(CPO ) Chief Petty Officer(GySgt ) Gunnery Sergeant(MSgt ) Master Sergeant(SFC) Sergeant First Class E-7(PSG) Platoon Sergeant E-6(PO1 ) Petty Officer First Class(SSgt ) Staff Sergeant(TSgt ) Technical Sergeant(SSG) Staff Sergeant E-5(PO2 ) Petty Officer Second Class(Sgt ) Sergeant(SSgt ) Staff Sergeant(Sgt) Sergeant E-4(PO3 ) Petty Officer Third Class(Cpl ) Corporal(Sgt ) Sergeant(Cpl) Corporal E-4(SrA ) Senior Airman(Sp4) Specialist 4 E-3( ) Seaman(LCpl ) Lance Corporal(A1C ) Airman First Class(PFC) Private FIrst Class E-2(SA ) Seaman Apprentice(PFC ) Private First Class(Amn ) Airman(PV2) Private E-1(SR ) Seaman Recruit(Pvt ) Private(AB ) Airman Basic(PV1) Private The Value of Flexible Management I. Abstract II. Introduction a. Thesis: â€Å"While many are defined by a dominant style of management, an effective manager is one who can adapt their management techniques to a variety as they arise. † III. Body a. Define autocratic Style i. Give examples of what situations require this style of management b. Define participatory Style i. Give examples of what situations require this style of management c. Define laissez 1 ii. Example 2 iii. Anti-Model IV. Conclusion a. Restate thesis and summarize the value of adapting to situational nuances V. Exhibits that may be relevant VI.

Enlightenment Age to Post-Modernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Enlightenment Age to Post-Modernism - Essay Example The paper "Enlightenment Age to Post-Modernism" discusses various historical and cultural eras in the world’s history. This study analyzes Enlightenment, Romanticism, Modernism and post modernism. The enlightenment era is a period in world’s history that stretches between seventeenth century and early eighteenth century. This age is sometimes referred to as the age of reason. It was a period considered to be the maturity of reason after its rebirth in the renaissance period. It was marked by new discoveries in science for example Galileo Galilei invention of a telescope that he used to discover and accept that indeed Copernican was right in saying that the sun was at the centre and that all planet revolve round it. Rational or intellectual capabilities and a rise in technology were among the many characteristics of this age. It was dramatized with revolutions. Industrial revolution for instance marked a total change in lifestyle whereby we see a movement from manual lab or to mechanical labor. People’s life standard improved since they could be employed to work in these industries and earn income. It is during this time that we see the rise in thinking; a change in societal, cultural and political attitudes. It is during this time that we see the society producing intellectuals who emphasize on reason alone. Scientific philosophies like the empiricism and rationalism became the focal point of departure. Philosophers like Rene Descartes, Leibniz, David Hume and Emmanuel Kant among others emerge. Their main focus was to move the society from centralized church governance to a level where every individual’s life counts; that the church’s authority needed to be decentralized. It is during this time that we see the ant Christian movements: a claim that God having created the Universe left it alone to be controlled by natural laws. In relation to the above point, the book, Discourse on Method, written by Rene Descartes, establishes a clear methodology of thinking which he calls deductive reasoning whereby one begins by doubting everything until he can no more doubt his own existence â€Å"Cogito Ergo Sum,† meaning â€Å"I think, therefore I am.† The fact that I doubt everything, I cannot doubt my own existence. However, as the great period of enlightenment continued, it faced a lot of rebellion from the emerging group of people who were against the principles of strict adherence to logic and clarity This deviation from restraint, clarity, and reason resulted in the beginning of the Romantic Age in English literature. From the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century, Romanticism came into play as the major form of literary expression of the time. The Romantic view emphasized emotion, nature, mysteriousness, and self discovery, among others. The idea is that every one needed to learn and interpret reality according to his or her own experience; rather avoid thinking with our own heads high, everyth ing is not about ideas. Jane Eyre clearly demonstrates this romanticism in her own experiences, first, mystery in the red room which later helps her to realize herself discovery a thing that unfolds the truth in order for her to find a better place in this world. She clearly portrays a kind of woman who breaks and gets out of women slavery and conformity of the society and indeed moves to take up bigger roles and responsibilities out of her own independence and separation from the traditions of the society. She is a great figure of the romantic age since she shows how

Presidental Powers and Limitations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Presidental Powers and Limitations - Term Paper Example Under section 1 of the article II, the executive power is vested in a President for his or her term in the office that is set for four years. Appointment and Removal Power The enactment of civil service laws directs the federal government to appoint 90 percent of executive branch positions through merit systems; however, the president still has powers to appoint senior officers to set direction to his governance. C Q Press (2012) describes the various power of the President in that he can appoint ambassadors, judges of the Supreme Court, ministers and consuls and other officers of the US for which no provision has been made. The President also has powers to fill up any vacancy during the recess of the Senate through special rights called commissions. Similarly, the President can also enter into treaties with other countries under the advice and consent of Senate. C Q Press (2012) speaks about the discerning powers of the president which can be listed as per the following. Clemency Se ction 2 of the article II specifies the President as ‘Commander-in-Chief’ of the military with necessary powers to grant pardons for offences against the country except impeachment. The glaring example of the clemency right rested with the President can be given as the pardon granted to Richard Nixon by his successor Gerald Ford for offenses committed by the former during the Watergate episode. Bill Clinton granted 140 pardons on the last day of his term as President. Law Enforcement The President being the chief executive officer of the nation can even deploy the armed forces to enforce the law within the country. All these years Congress has been instrumental in enhancing the law enforcement duties of the president. The incident during John F. Kennedy' time is worth noting when he directed army troops to quell riots following a court order directing the University of Mississippi to admit a black student, James Meredith in its student body. Budgeting Section 3 of Artic le II of the Constitution provides powers to the President to undertake fiscal policies and budgetary procedures as one of the important prerogative. Over last few decades, the Presidents of US have increasingly used their powers in outlining federal spending. Legislative Proposals The Constitution of the US authorizes the President to recommend necessary legislation which he feels necessary and expedient. The past history shows how President has used legislative powers to give a direction to the nation. Franklin D. Roosevelt using his powers as President recommended several important legislative proposals to overcome the crisis that country faced during the time of the Great Depression in ‘30s. Convene or Adjourn Houses Under Section 3 of the article II, the President has right to convene and adjourn either single or both the houses as he may feel necessary and recommend the measures in the best interest of the nation. Veto The constitution has provided the President with vet o powers that can be used against any piece of legislation to become law against their wishes; however, Congress still can convert it into a law by passing it with two-thirds majority in both houses. The U.S constitution provides a variety of special powers to the President that can be described as per the following. Emergency Powers Schmidt et al. (2011) argues that the Us President may exercise certain

Democratic Origins and Revolutionary Writers, 1776-1820 Essay Example for Free

Democratic Origins and Revolutionary Writers, 1776-1820 Essay James Fenimore Cooper (Photo courtesy Library of Congress) The hard-fought American Revolution against Britain (1775-1783) was the first modern war of liberation against a colonial power. The triumph of American independence seemed to many at the time a divine sign that America and her people were destined for greatness. Military victory fanned nationalistic hopes for a great new literature. Yet with the exception of outstanding political writing, few works of note appeared during or soon after the Revolution. American books were harshly reviewed in England. Americans were painfully aware of their excessive dependence on English literary models. The search for a native literature became a national obsession. As one American magazine editor wrote, around 1816, Dependence is a state of degradation fraught with disgrace, and to be dependent on a foreign mind for what we can ourselves produce is to add to the crime of indolence the weakness of stupidity. Cultural revolutions, unlike military revolutions, cannot be successfully imposed but must grow from the soil of shared experience. Revolutions are expressions of the heart of the people; they grow gradually out of new sensibilities and wealth of experience. It would take 50 years of accumulated history for America to earn its cultural independence and to produce the first great generation of American writers: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, and Emily Dickinson. Americas literary independence was slowed by a lingering identification with England, an excessive imitation of English or classical literary models, and difficult economic and political conditions that hampered publishing. Revolutionary writers, despite their genuine patriotism, were of necessity self-conscious, and they could never find roots in their American sensibilities. Colonial writers of the revolutionary generation had been born English, had grown to maturity as English citizens, and had cultivated English modes of thought and English fashions in dress and behavior. Their parents and grandparents were English (or European), as were all their friends. Added to this, American awareness of literary fashion still lagged behind the English, and this time lag intensified American imitation. Fifty years after their fame in England, English neoclassic writers such as Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, Oliver Goldsmith, and Samuel Johnson were still eagerly imitated in America. Moreover, the heady challenges of building a new nation attracted talented and educated people to politics, law, and diplomacy. These pursuits brought honor, glory, and financial security. Writing, on the other hand, did not pay. Early American writers, now separated from England, effectively had no modern publishers, no audience, and no adequate legal protection. Editorial assistance, distribution, and publicity were rudimentary. Until 1825, most American authors paid printers to publish their work. Obviously only the leisured and independently wealthy, like Washington Irving and the New York Knickerbocker group, or the group of Connecticut poets known as the Hartford Wits, could afford to indulge their interest in writing. The exception, Benjamin Franklin, though from a poor family, was a printer by trade and could publish his own work. Charles Brockden Brown was more typical. The author of several interesting Gothic romances, Brown was the first American author to attempt to live from his writing. But his short life ended in poverty. The lack of an audience was another problem. The small cultivated audience in America wanted well-known European authors, partly out of the exaggerated respect with which former colonies regarded their previous rulers. This preference for English works was not entirely unreasonable, considering the inferiority of American output, but it worsened the situation by depriving American authors of an audience. Only journalism offered financial remuneration, but the mass audience wanted light, undemanding verse and short topical essays not long or experimental work. The absence of adequate copyright laws was perhaps the clearest cause of literary stagnation. American printers pirating English best-sellers understandably were unwilling to pay an American author for unknown material. The unauthorized reprinting of foreign books was originally seen as a service to the colonies as well as a source of profit for printers like Franklin, who reprinted works of the classics and great European books to educate the American public. Printers everywhere in America followed his lead. There are notorious examples of pirating. Matthew Carey, an important American publisher, paid a London agent a sort of literary spy to send copies of unbound pages, or even proofs, to him in fast ships that could sail to America in a month. Careys men would sail out to meet the incoming ships in the harbor and speed the pirated books  into print using typesetters who divided the book into sections and worked in shifts around the clock. Such a pirated English book could be reprinted in a day and placed on the shelves for sale in American bookstores almost as fast as in England. Because imported authorized editions were more expensive and could not compete with pirated ones, the copyright situation damaged foreign authors such as Sir Walter Scott and Charles Dickens, along with American authors. But at least the foreign authors had already been paid by their original publishers and were already well known. Americans such as James Fenimore Cooper not only failed to receive adequate payment, but they had to suffer seeing their works pirated under their noses. Coopers first successful book, The Spy (1821), was pirated by four different printers within a month of its appearance. Ironically, the copyright law of 1790, which allowed pirating, was nationalistic in intent. Drafted by Noah Webster, the great lexicographer who later compiled an American dictionary, the law protected only the work of American authors; it was felt that English writers should look out for themselves. Bad as the law was, none of the early publishers were willing to have it changed because it proved profitable for them. Piracy starved the first generation of revolutionary American writers; not surprisingly, the generation after them produced even less work of merit. The high point of piracy, in 1815, corresponds with the low point of American writing. Nevertheless, the cheap and plentiful supply of pirated foreign books and classics in the first 50 years of the new country did educate Americans, including the first great writers, who began to make their appearance around 1825. THE AMERICAN ENLIGHTENMENT The 18th-century American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy. Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Benjamin Franklin, whom the Scottish philosopher David Hume called Americas first great man of letters, embodied the Enlightenment ideal of humane rationality. Practical yet idealistic, hard-working and enormously successful, Franklin recorded his early life in his famous Autobiography. Writer, printer, publisher, scientist, philanthropist, and diplomat, he was the most famous and respected private figure of his time. He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age that his fine example helped to liberalize. Franklin was a second-generation immigrant. His Puritan father, a chandler (candle-maker), came to Boston, Massachusetts, from England in 1683. In many ways Franklins life illustrates the impact of the Enlightenment on a gifted individual. Self-educated but well-read in John Locke, Lord Shaftesbury, Joseph Addison, and other Enlightenment writers, Franklin learned from them to apply reason to his own life and to break with tradition in particular the old-fashioned Puritan tradition when it threatened to smother his ideals. While a youth, Franklin taught himself languages, read widely, and practiced writing for the public. When he moved from Boston to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Franklin already had the kind of education associated with the upper classes. He also had the Puritan capacity for hard, careful work, constant self-scrutiny, and the desire to better himself. These qualities steadily propelled him to wealth, respectability, and honor. Never selfish, Franklin tried to help other ordinary people become successful by sharing his insights and initiating a characteristically American genre the self-help book. Franklins Poor Richards Almanack, begun in 1732 and published for many years, made Franklin prosperous and well-known throughout the colonies. In this annual book of useful encouragement, advice, and factual information, amusing characters such as old Father Abraham and Poor Richard exhort the reader in pithy, memorable sayings. In The Way to Wealth, which originally appeared in the Almanack, Father Abraham, a plain clean old Man, with white Locks, quotes Poor Richard at length. A Word to the Wise is enough, he says. God helps them that help themselves. Early to Bed, and early to rise, makes a Man healthy, wealthy, and wise. Poor Richard is a psychologist (Industry pays Debts, while Despair encreaseth them), and he always counsels hard work (Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck). Do not be lazy, he advises, for One To-day is worth two tomorrow. Sometimes he creates anecdotes to illustrate his points: A little Neglect may breed great Mischief. For want of a Nail the Shoe was lost; for want of a Shoe the Horse was lost; and for want of a Horse the Rider was lost, being overtaken and slain by the Enemy, all for want of Care about a Horse-shoe Nail. Franklin was a genius at compressing a moral point: What maintains one Vice, would bring up two Children. A small leak will sink a great Ship. Fools make Feasts, and wise Men eat them. Franklins Autobiography is, in part, another self-help book. Written to advise his son, it covers only the early years. The most famous section describes his scientific scheme of self- improvement. Franklin lists 13 virtues: temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and humility. He elaborates on each with a maxim; for example, the temperance maxim is Eat not to Dullness. Drink not to Elevation. A pragmatic scientist, Franklin put the idea of perfectibility to the test, using himself as the experimental subject. To establish good habits, Franklin invented a reusable calendrical record book in which he worked on one virtue each week, recording each lapse with a black spot. His theory prefigures psychological behaviorism, while his systematic method of notation anticipates modern behavior modification. The project of self-improvement blends the Enlightenment belief in perfectibility with the Puritan habit of moral self-scrutiny. Franklin saw early that writing could best advance his ideas, and he therefore deliberately perfected his supple prose style, not as an end in itself but as a tool. Write with the learned. Pronounce with the vulgar, he advised. A scientist, he followed the Royal (scientific) Societys 1667 advice to use a close, naked, natural way of speaking; positive expressions, clear senses, a native easiness, bringing all things as near the mathematical plainness as they can. Despite his prosperity and fame, Franklin never lost his democratic sensibility, and he was an important figure at the 1787 convention at which the U. S. Constitution was drafted. In his later years, he was president of an antislavery association. One of his last efforts was to promote universal public education. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur (1735-1813) Another Enlightenment figure is Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, whose Letters from an American Farmer (1782) gave Europeans a glowing idea of opportunities for peace, wealth, and pride in America. Neither an American nor a farmer, but a French aristocrat who owned a plantation outside New York City before the Revolution, Crevecoeur enthusiastically praised the colonies for their industry, tolerance, and growing prosperity in 12 letters that depict America as an agrarian paradise a vision that would inspire Thomas Jefferson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and many other writers up to the present. Crevecoeur was the earliest European to develop a considered view of America and the new American character. The first to exploit the melting pot image of America, in a famous passage he asks: What then is the American, this new man? He is either a European, or the descendant of a European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. I could point out to you a family whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was Dutch, whose son married a French woman, and whose present four sons have now four wives of different nations. Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause changes in the world. THE POLITICAL PAMPHLET: Thomas Paine (1737-1809) The passion of Revolutionary literature is found in pamphlets, the most popular form of political literature of the day. Over 2,000 pamphlets were published during the Revolution. The pamphlets thrilled patriots and threatened loyalists; they filled the role of drama, as they were often read aloud in public to excite audiences. American soldiers read them aloud in their camps; British Loyalists threw them into public bonfires. Thomas Paines pamphlet Common Sense sold over 100,000 copies in the first three months of its publication. It is still rousing today. The cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind, Paine wrote, voicing the idea of American exceptionalism still strong in the United States that in some fundamental sense, since America is a democratic experiment and a country theoretically open to all immigrants, the fate of America foreshadows the fate of humanity at large. Political writings in a democracy had to be clear to appeal to the voters. And to have informed voters, universal education was promoted by many of the founding fathers. One indication of the vigorous, if simple, literary life was the proliferation of newspapers. More newspapers were read in America during the Revolution than anywhere else in the world. Immigration also mandated a simple style. Clarity was vital to a newcomer, for whom English might be a second language. Thomas Jeffersons original draft of the Declaration of Independence is clear and logical, but his committees modifications made it even simpler. The Federalist Papers, written in support of the Constitution, are also lucid, logical arguments, suitable for debate in a democratic nation. NEOCLASSISM: EPIC, MOCK EPIC, AND SATIRE Unfortunately, literary writing was not as simple and direct as political writing. When trying to write poetry, most educated authors stumbled into the pitfall of elegant neoclassicism. The epic, in particular, exercised a fatal attraction. American literary patriots felt sure that the great American Revolution naturally would find expression in the epic a long, dramatic narrative poem in elevated language, celebrating the feats of a legendary hero. Many writers tried but none succeeded. Timothy Dwight (1752-1817), one of the group of writers known as the Hartford Wits, is an example. Dwight, who eventually became the president of Yale University, based his epic, The Conquest of Canaan (1785), on the Biblical story of Joshuas struggle to enter the Promised Land. Dwight cast General Washington, commander of the American army and later the first president of the United States, as Joshua in his allegory and borrowed the couplet form that Alexander Pope used to translate Homer. Dwights epic was as boring as it was ambitious. English critics demolished it; even Dwights friends, such as John Trumbull (1750-1831), remained unenthusiastic. So much thunder and lightning raged in the melodramatic battle scenes that Trumbull proposed that the epic be provided with lightning rods. Not surprisingly, satirical poetry fared much better than serious verse. The mock epic genre encouraged American poets to use their natural voices and did not lure them into a bog of pretentious and predictable patriotic sentiments and faceless conventional poetic epithets out of the Greek poet Homer and the Roman poet Virgil by way of the English poets. In mock epics like John Trumbulls good-humored MFingal (1776-82), stylized emotions and conventional turns of phrase are ammunition for good satire, and the bombastic oratory of the revolution is itself ridiculed. Modeled on the British poet Samuel Butlers Hudibras, the mock epic derides a Tory, MFingal. It is often pithy, as when noting of condemned criminals facing hanging: No man eer felt the halter draw With good opinion of the law. MFingal went into over 30 editions, was reprinted for a half-century, and was appreciated in England as well as America. Satire appealed to Revolutionary audiences partly because it contained social comment and criticism, and political topics and social problems were the main subjects of the day. The first American comedy to be performed, The Contrast (produced 1787) by Royall Tyler (1757-1826), humorously contrasts Colonel Manly, an American officer, with Dimple, who imitates English fashions. Naturally, Dimple is made to look ridiculous. The play introduces the first Yankee character, Jonathan. Another satirical work, the novel Modern Chivalry, published by Hugh Henry Brackenridge in installments from 1792 to 1815, memorably lampoons the excesses of the age. Brackenridge (1748- 1816), a Scottish immigrant raised on the American frontier, based his huge, picaresque novel on Don Quixote; it describes the misadventures of Captain Farrago and his stupid, brutal, yet appealingly human, servant Teague ORegan. POET OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: Philip Freneau (1752-1832). One poet, Philip Freneau, incorporated the new stirrings of European Romanticism and escaped the imitativeness and vague universality of the Hartford Wits. The key to both his success and his failure was his passionately democratic spirit combined with an inflexible temper. The Hartford Wits, all of them undoubted patriots, reflected the general cultural conservatism of the educated classes. Freneau set himself against this holdover of old Tory attitudes, complaining of the writings of an aristocratic, speculating faction at Hartford, in favor of monarchy and titular distinctions. Although Freneau received a fine education and was as well acquainted with the classics as any Hartford Wit, he embraced liberal and democratic causes. From a Huguenot (radical French Protestant) background, Freneau fought as a militiaman during the Revolutionary War. In 1780, he was captured and imprisoned in two British ships, where he almost died before his family managed to get him released. His poem The British Prison Ship is a bitter condemnation of the cruelties of the British, who wished to stain the world with gore. This piece and other revolutionary works, including Eutaw Springs, American Liberty, A Political Litany, A Midnight Consultation, and George the Thirds Soliloquy, brought him fame as the Poet of the American Revolution. Freneau edited a number of journals during his life, always mindful of the great cause of democracy. When Thomas Jefferson helped him establish the militant, anti-Federalist National Gazette in 1791, Freneau became the first powerful, crusading newspaper editor in America, and the literary predecessor of William Cullen Bryant, William Lloyd Garrison, and H.L. Mencken. As a poet and editor, Freneau adhered to his democratic ideals. His popular poems, published in newspapers for the average reader, regularly celebrated American subjects. The Virtue of Tobacco concerns the indigenous plant, a mainstay of the southern economy, while The Jug of Rum celebrates the alcoholic drink of the West Indies, a crucial commodity of early American trade and a major New World export. Common American characters lived in The Pilot of Hatteras, as well as in poems about quack doctors and bombastic evangelists. Freneau commanded a natural and colloquial style appropriate to a genuine democracy, but he could also rise to refined neoclassic lyricism in often-anthologized works such as The Wild Honeysuckle (1786), which evokes a sweet-smelling native shrub. Not until the American Renaissance that began in the 1820s would American poetry surpass the heights that Freneau had scaled 40 years earlier. Additional groundwork for later literary achievement was laid during the early years. Nationalism inspired publications in many fields, leading to a new appreciation of things American. Noah Webster (1758-1843) devised an American Dictionary, as well as an important reader and speller for the schools. His Spelling Book sold more than 100 million copies over the years. Updated Websters dictionaries are still standard today. The American Geography, by Jedidiah Morse, another landmark reference work, promoted knowledge of the vast and expanding American land itself. Some of the most interesting if nonliterary writings of the period are the journals of frontiersmen and explorers such as Meriwether Lewis (1774-1809) and  Zebulon Pike (1779-1813), who wrote accounts of expeditions across the Louisiana Territory, the vast portion of the North American continent that Thomas Jefferson purchased from Napoleon in 1803. WRITERS OF FICTION. The first important fiction writers widely recognized today, Charles Brockden Brown, Washington Irving, and James Fenimore Cooper, used American subjects, historical perspectives, themes of change, and nostalgic tones. They wrote in many prose genres, initiated new forms, and found new ways to make a living through literature. With them, American literature began to be read and appreciated in the United States and abroad. Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) Already mentioned as the first professional American writer, Charles Brockden Brown was inspired by the English writers Mrs. Radcliffe and English William Godwin. (Radcliffe was known for her terrifying Gothic novels; a novelist and social reformer, Godwin was the father of Mary Shelley, who wrote Frankenstein and married English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. ) Driven by poverty, Brown hastily penned four haunting novels in two years: Wieland (1798), Arthur Mervyn (1799), Ormond (1799), and Edgar Huntley (1799). In them, he developed the genre of American Gothic. The Gothic novel was a popular genre of the day featuring exotic and wild settings, disturbing psychological depth, and much suspense. Trappings included ruined castles or abbeys, ghosts, mysterious secrets, threatening figures, and solitary maidens who survive by their wits and spiritual strength. At their best, such novels offer tremendous suspense and hints of magic, along with profound explorations of the human soul in extremity. Critics suggest that Browns Gothic sensibility expresses deep anxieties about the inadequate social institutions of the new nation. Brown used distinctively American settings. A man of ideas, he dramatized scientific theories, developed a personal theory of fiction, and championed high literary standards despite personal poverty. Though flawed, his works are darkly powerful. Increasingly, he is seen as the precursor of romantic writers like Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. He expresses subconscious fears that the outwardly optimistic Enlightenment period drove underground. Washington Irving (1789-1859). The youngest of 11 children born to a well-to-do New York merchant family, Washington Irving became a cultural and diplomatic ambassador to Europe, like Benjamin Franklin and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Despite his talent, he probably would not have become a full-time professional writer, given the lack of financial rewards, if a series of fortuitous incidents had not thrust writing as a profession upon him. Through friends, he was able to publish his Sketch Book (1819-1820) simultaneously in England and America, obtaining copyrights and payment in both countries. The Sketch Book of Geoffrye Crayon (Irvings pseudonym) contains his two best remembered stories, Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Sketch aptly describes Irvings delicate, elegant, yet seemingly casual style, and crayon suggests his ability as a colorist or creator of rich, nuanced tones and emotional effects. In the Sketch Book, Irving transforms the Catskill Mountains along the Hudson River north of New York City into a fabulous, magical region. American readers gratefully accepted Irvings imagined history of the Catskills, despite the fact (unknown to them) that he had adapted his stories from a German source. Irving gave America something it badly needed in the brash, materialistic early years: an imaginative way of relating to the new land. No writer was as successful as Irving at humanizing the land, endowing it with a name and a face and a set of legends. The story of Rip Van Winkle, who slept for 20 years, waking to find the colonies had become independent, eventually became folklore. It was adapted for the stage, went into the oral tradition, and was gradually accepted as authentic American legend by generations of Americans. Irving discovered and helped satisfy the raw new nations sense of history. His numerous works may be seen as his devoted attempts to build the new nations soul by recreating history and giving it living, breathing, imaginative life. For subjects, he chose the most dramatic aspects of American history: the discovery of the New World, the first president and national hero, and the westward exploration. His earliest work was a sparkling, satirical History of New York (1809) under the Dutch, ostensibly written by Diedrich Knickerbocker (hence the name of Irvings friends and New York writers of the day, the Knickerbocker School). James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) James Fenimore Cooper, like Irving, evoked a sense of the past and gave it a local habitation and a name. In Cooper, though, one finds the powerful myth of a golden age and the poignance of its loss. While Irving and other American writers before and after him scoured Europe in search of its legends, castles, and great themes, Cooper grasped the essential myth of America: that it was timeless, like the wilderness. American history was a trespass on the eternal; European history in America was a reenactment of the fall in the Garden of Eden. The cyclical realm of nature was glimpsed only in the act of destroying it: The wilderness disappeared in front of American eyes, vanishing before the oncoming pioneers like a mirage. This is Coopers basic tragic vision of the ironic destruction of the wilderness, the new Eden that had attracted the colonists in the first place. Personal experience enabled Cooper to write vividly of the transformation of the wilderness and of other subjects such as the sea and the clash of peoples from different cultures. The son of a Quaker family, he grew up on his fathers remote estate at Otsego Lake (now Cooperstown) in central New York State. Although this area was relatively peaceful during Coopers boyhood, it had once been the scene of an Indian massacre. Young Fenimore Cooper grew up in an almost feudal environment. His father, Judge Cooper, was a landowner and leader. Cooper saw frontiersmen and Indians at Otsego Lake as a boy; in later life, bold white settlers intruded on his land. Natty Bumppo, Coopers renowned literary character, embodies his vision of the frontiersman as a gentleman, a Jeffersonian natural aristocrat. Early in 1823, in The Pioneers, Cooper had begun to discover Bumppo. Natty is the first famous frontiersman in American literature and the literary forerunner of countless cowboy and backwoods heroes. He is the idealized, upright individualist who is better than the society he protects. Poor and isolated, yet pure, he is a touchstone for ethical values and prefigures Herman Melvilles Billy Budd and Mark Twains Huck Finn. Based in part on the real life of American pioneer Daniel Boone who was a Quaker like Cooper Natty Bumppo, an outstanding woodsman like Boone, was a peaceful man adopted by an Indian tribe. Both Boone and the fictional Bumppo loved nature and freedom. They constantly kept moving west to escape the oncoming settlers they had guided into the wilderness, and they became legends in their own lifetimes. Natty is also chaste, high-minded, and deeply spiritual: He is the Christian knight of medieval romances transposed to the virgin forest and rocky soil of America. The unifying thread of the five novels collectively known as the Leather-Stocking Tales is the life of Natty Bumppo. Coopers finest achievement, they constitute a vast prose epic with the North American continent as setting, Indian tribes as characters, and great wars and westward migration as social background. The novels bring to life frontier America from 1740 to 1804. Coopers novels portray the successive waves of the frontier settlement: the original wilderness inhabited by Indians; the arrival of the first whites as scouts, soldiers, traders, and frontiersmen; the coming of the poor, rough settler families; and the final arrival of the middle class, bringing the first professionals the judge, the physician, and the banker. Each incoming wave displaced the earlier: Whites displaced the Indians, who retreated westward; the civilized middle classes who erected schools, churches, and jails displaced the lower-class individualistic frontier folk, who moved further west, in turn displacing the Indians who had preceded them. Cooper evokes the endless, inevitable wave of settlers, seeing not only the gains but the losses. Coopers novels reveal a deep tension between the lone individual and society, nature and culture, spirituality and organized religion. In Cooper, the natural world and the Indian are fundamentally good as is the highly civilized realm associated with his most cultured characters. Intermediate characters are often suspect, especially greedy, poor white settlers who are too uneducated or unrefined to appreciate nature or culture. Like Rudyard Kipling, E. M. Forster, Herman Melville, and other sensitive observers of widely varied cultures interacting with each other, Cooper was a cultural relativist. He understood that no culture had a monopoly on virtue or refinement. Cooper accepted the American condition while Irving did not. Irving addressed the American setting as a European might have by importing and adapting European legends, culture, and history. Cooper took the process a step farther. He created American settings and new, distinctively American characters and themes. He was the first to sound the recurring tragic note in American fiction. WOMEN AND MINORITIES Although the colonial period produced several women writers of note, the revolutionary era did not further the work of women and minorities, despite the many schools, magazines, newspapers, and literary clubs that were springing up. Colonial women such as Anne Bradstreet, Anne Hutchinson, Ann Cotton, and Sarah Kemble Knight exerted considerable social and literary influence in spite of primitive conditions and dangers; of the 18 women who came to America on the ship Mayflower in 1620, only four survived the first year. When every able-bodied person counted and conditions were fluid, innate talent could find expression. But as cultural institutions became formalized in the new republic, women and minorities gradually were excluded from them. Phillis Wheatley (c. 1753-1784) Given the hardships of life in early America, it is ironic that some of the best poetry of the period was written by an exceptional slave woman. The first African-American author of importance in the United States, Phillis Wheatley was born in Africa and brought to Boston, Massachusetts, when she was about seven, where she was purchased by the pious and wealthy tailor John Wheatley to be a companion for his wife. The Wheatleys recognized Philliss remarkable inte.

Recruitment and Selection Methods in Tesco

Recruitment and Selection Methods in Tesco Introduction: Recruitment and Selection Process is one of the basic HR Processes. Recruitment and Selection is very sensitive as many managers have a need to hire a new employee and this process is always under a strict monitoring from their side. Recruitment and selection are two most important functions of personnel management. Recruitment process can be done in many ways like internal or external, and it involves with many steps of recruitment policies like job advert, job application process, Evaluations, job description and, legislations and training. The primary purpose of recruitment and selection is to achieve ones desire end, appointing the right person to the right job. Recruitment refers to the process of attracting, screening, and selecting qualified people for a job at an organization or firm. Selection refers to Selection is the process of choosing the most suitable candidates from those who apply for the job. It is a process of offering jobs to desired candidates. This report focuses on recruitment and selection of TESCO plc. The main objective of this report is to critically analyse the recruitment and selection method applied in relation to market environment 1.2 Tescos background: Business of the company Tesco sells daily necessary things like food and also non food items. It carries more than 23,000 items ranging from cloths, stationary, groceries, wine, entertainment digital appliances, finance insurance, books, patrol gas, pharmacy, phone broadband. History of the company Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen, who sold groceries in the markets of the London East End from 1919. The Tesco brand first appeared in 1924. After Jack Cohen bought a large shipment of tea from T.E. Stockwell, he made new labels by using the first three letters of the suppliers name and the first two letters of his surname forming the word TESCO. The Global Oneness Commitment (2009) Business growth of Tesco: The two diagrams shows the growth of Tesco in the last five years Performance over last 5 years ÂÂ   2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sales 37,070 43,137 46,611 51,773 56,563 Sales in o/s stores 7,559 10,480 11,031 13,824 14,994 No. Of stores 2,365 2,711 3,263 3,989 4811 No. Of o/s stores 586 814 1,275 1,614 2,013 Floor space 51,771 58,720 68,189 75,959 83,459 Floor space-O/S stores 27,580 32,817 40,404 46,410 52,470 Growth rate of the performance ÂÂ   2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sales 10.47% 16.37% 8.05% 11.07% 12.57% Sales in o/s stores 13.14% 38.64% 5.26% 25.32% 18.42% No. Of stores 2.03% 14.63% 20.36% 14.28% 16.38% No. Of o/s stores 32.88% 38.91% 56.63% 26.59% 36.59% Floor space 14.03% 13.42% 16.13% 11.39% 11.59% Floor space-O/S stores 24.73% 18.99% 23.12% 14.86% 21.66% Source: Tescos Annual report and financial statement 2008 The business locations of the of Tesco Tesco operates in 14 different markets/countries through 4,811 stores all around the world with 468,508 staff work there. In the UK it has 2,282 stores and 286,394stuff work there. The details of UK stores are as follows: Table 1 Tescos store size in UK. UK Extra (average size 71,310 sq feet) 190 (Regular) Tesco (average size 29,984 sq feet) 10 Metro (average size 11,638 sq feet) 181 Express(average size 2,211 sq feet) 1130 Home Plus (average size 40,800 sq feet) 13 One Stop (average size 1,357 sq feet) 513 Table 2: Tescos stores outside the UK are as follows: Country Stores 2 USA 115 3 Czech Republic 113 4 France 1 5 China 79 6 Hungary 7 Japan 144 8 Malaysia 36 9 Poland 319 10 Republic of Ireland 116 11 Slovakia 70 12 South Korea 347 13 Thailand 609 14 Turkey 99 1.3 Objectives 1. To critically evaluate the current recruitment and selection approaches of Tesco plc. 2. To critically examine an alternative recruitment route that other companies are applying. 3. To draw conclusions about the room for improvement in Tesco recruitment and selection approach. 2. Literature review: Recruitment can be defined as a set of activities and practices used for the primary purpose of legally identifying sufficient numbers and quality of people fitting for a given purpose. It is carried out to provide an organisation with a pool of qualified potential individuals from which judicious selection for the most appropriate applicants can be made for filling vacancies in the organisation. A review of the HRM literature indicates that recruitment and selection are regarded as integrated activities and where recruitment stops and selection begins is a questionable point (Beardwell et al., 2004). Nevertheless, for the purpose of this work it is useful to differentiate between the two activities. As defined above, numerous authors (Whitehill, 1991: Roberts, 2008; McCormack and Scholarios, 2009) describe recruitment as a process of building a pool of potentially qualified applicants. Whereas selection is seen as a set of activities concerned with predicting which applicants will make the most appropriate contribution to the organisation in view of the present and future human resource requirements (Beardwell et al., 2004: McCormack and Scholarios, 2009). The recruitment and selection process refers some critical points. These are its very sensible process to change the internal organization of the company and to change on the external job market The recruitment and selection process meet with the some criteria, these are Process should be easy to realize the target people and audience of the recruitment and selection process. This process is not for the HRM organizations staff/employee, This process created only for the organization/companys manager, Manager are the main client for the recruitment and selection process. Despite recruitment and selection being considered as integrated activities unfortunately human resources literature discussions tend to neglect recruitment and place greater emphasis on selection. In view of this (McCormack and Scholarios, 2009) comment that the more effective an organisation is at identifying and attracting a high quality profile of job applicants, the less important the selection stage of hiring becomes. Therefore it can be suggested that an effective and agile recruitment strategy is the most fundamental human resource function and if managed well can have a significant impact on organisational performance and is critical to developing a more agile competitive edge (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2006: Evans et al, 2007). As the contemporary business environment become increasingly competitive and labour markets continue to grow more diverse, organisations need to be more proactive in their resourcing strategies. Evans et al., (2007) and Richardson, (2008) argue that ineffective recruitment approaches can result in long-term negative effects, among them high training and development costs in efforts to minimise the incidence of poor performance and high turnover which in turn, impact on staff morale, the provision of high quality goods and services and the retention of organisational memory. Richardson, (2008) goes further to argue that at worst, the organisation can fail to achieve its objectives thereby losing its competitive edge and market share. However, it is important to consider that the process of implementing an effective and successful recruitment approach could bring along with it other costs related to the perceptions and attitudes of the people involved in this change. 3.1 Research methodology: 3.1.1. Sources of Information Primary Data: The primary data was collected by questionnaire survey. I prepared a questionnaire and asked the related person to fill it up. Secondary Data: I did browse the companys website to gather information. I also used the internet service to send the questionnaire. This report is the result of the collaboration of the members in the group and both primary and secondary information have been used. 3.1.2. Research Approach The face to face survey of the HR Department of Tesco, Sainsbury etc helped me to collect the data. This survey research approach has helped me to get a better understanding of their situation and problems. A questionnaire was prepared with questions that helped on providing information about their selection and recruitment process. 3.1.3. Research Instrument 3.1.3.1. Questionnaire I prepared a questionnaire with set of 8-10 questions related to the topic and asked the HR Mangers and employees of Tesco Sainsbury etc. Close End and open end: The questionnaire contains the MCQ type questions and also there were some options to write freely. I also used the checklist method of questionnaire (Yes/No). 3.1.3.2. Mechanical Tools Instrument like paper and pen were used for the questionnaire and for noting down notes. Computer, pen-drive, and printer were used for typing and printing the report. Analysis and evaluation: Primary analysis: I have done my primary analysis on 50 Tesco employees using a survey questionnaire (see appendix). From my primary analysis i have found out 60% of the employees think internet and job centre are the medium of advertisement.30 % think internet and store advertisement are the best way of job advertisement. Only 10 % think newspaper and job centre are the most popular medium of advertisement. 80% of the employees are happy about Tesco recruitment and selection process. But 40% of the employees think Sainsburys recruitment and selection process are better than Tescos to some extent. Many of the employees opinion was Sainsburys uses smarter recruitment and selection process than to Tesco. Namely their situation based test, using of video to identify skills and the mathematical test for identify numeric skills. From the survey I have also found out most of the employees think Tesco should make applications form available both online and offline. Those who have access to the internet can apply online and for those who do not, can collect a form from Tescos customer services, complete it and send it off by post or hand it in personally to customer services. This in turn could be given to the department which consists of this job and then be examined. Also Tesco should place more interviewers so that more applicants can be interviewed and so shortlisted applicants can be dealt with in a shorter period of time. Tesco should assess applicants during the interview as it would save time as both can be dealt with straight away/ at the same time. Secondary analysis: I have done my secondary research by reading through books, websites, magazines and newspaper. The findings are discussed below. Recruitment involves attracting the right standard of applicants to apply for vacancies. Tesco advertises jobs in different ways. The process varies depending on the job available. Tesco first looks at its internal Talent Plan to fill a vacancy. This is a process that lists current employees looking for a move, either at the same level or on promotion. If there are no suitable people in this Talent Plan or developing on the internal management development programme, Options, Tesco advertises the post internally on its intranet for two weeks. For external recruitment, Tesco advertises vacancies via the Tesco website www.tesco-careers.com or through vacancy boards in stores. Applications are made online for managerial positions. The chosen applicants have an interview followed by attendance at an assessment centre for the final stage of the selection process. Selection involves choosing the most suitable people from those that apply for a vacancy, whilst keeping to employment laws and regulations. Screening candidates is a very important part of the selection process. This ensures that those selected for interview have the best fit with the job requirements. In the first stages of screening, Tesco selectors will look carefully at each applicants curriculum vitae (CV). The CV summarises the candidates education and job history to date. A well-written and positive CV helps Tesco to assess whether an applicant matches the person specification for the job. The company also provides a job type match tool on its careers web page. People interested in working for Tesco can see where they might fit in before applying. The process Tesco uses to select external management candidates has several stages. A candidate who passes screening attends an assessment centre. The assessment centres take place in store and are run by managers. They help to provide consistency in the selection process. Applicants are given various exercises, including team-working activities or problemsolving exercises. These involve examples of problems they might have to deal with at work. On the other hand, Sainsbury has a bit different recruitment and selection process. After succeeding on online test Sainsbury takes first interview. Here HR manager call the candidates into a room individually to answer a few questions. These are just to make sure that whether the candidates have their passport, are the correct age for the job (as stipulated when they applied) and are being interviewed for the job they actually applied for apparently HR have a habit of messing that bit up. After this, all the interviewees will be sat in a room for the second recruitment test. The second test is split into four sections and given using a video. It usually takes around one hour to complete, and is quite simple. The first sectionÂÂ  is on customer service and is very similar to the other test that the candidates sat online. Again, they are given a situation that is in video format and are asked to identify the best and worst responses out of a selection of four. The second sectio nÂÂ  is on attention to detail. Candidates will be shown video clips, and will be asked to identify two things wrong with these video clips. The third sectionÂÂ  is on mathematics. The final sectionÂÂ  is all about candidates. It is the only part of the test not done by video, and comprises a series of statements with which candidates have to agree or disagree. Finally, 2nd interview comes up where candidates have to sit for face to face interview. Finally I can say that from the research it is clear that in some of cases Sainsbury has better system in recruitment and selection process. Tesco need to apply those systems in compare to other relative supermarket. If they put proper recruitment and selection technique then it will be easier than before. They can apply some techniques like video clips, mathematical terms etc. It will help Tesco to improve their recruitment process. Conclusion: Tesco PLC has an effective Recruitment and Selection however there are advantages and disadvantages which need to be considered. Advertising jobs online has its advantages as its cheaper than having it printed in newspapers for example and can be changed if required. However there are a few disadvantages. Some people may not have access to the Internet making it difficult to view the advertisement for the particular job. Some may have problems in using the Internet or not know how to use it and some may not have a computer in which case they would not even be able to access the Internet.. Tesco should make sure they know what is required of the job before shortlisting is taken place as applicant who may have the requirements may not be part of the applicants who are shortlisted or the opposite. Tesco should place more interviewers so that more applicants can be interviewed and so shortlisted applicants can be dealt with in a shorter period of time. Tesco should assess applicants duri ng the interview as it would save time as both can be dealt with straight away/ at the same time. Thus meaning Tesco should carry. References and bibliography: 1.Richardson, A. M, (2009) Recruitment Strategies: Managing/effecting the recruitment process [Online] available from http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN021814.pdf [Accessed 4-0ct- 2010] 2. McCormack, A. and Scholarios, D. (2009) Recruitment, chapter 3 in Redman, T and Wilkinson, A, (2009) Contemporary Human Resource Management 3rd Edition, London: Financial Times Prentice Hall 3. UCL, (2008) Human resources-Recruitment and selection policy [Online] Available from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/hr/docs/recruitment.php [Accessed 22 Oct- 2010] 4. Pilbeam, S. and M. Corbridge (2006) People Resourcing. Contemporary HRM in Practice, London: Prentice Hall. Volume 17(4), pp.567-582. 5. TESCO-CARRERS, (2009)The application process-Tesco careers [Online] available from : http://www.tesco-careers.com/home/recruitment [Accessed 25-Oct- 2010] 6. SAINSBURYS, (2010) Careers at Sainsbury.[Online] available from http://www2.sainsburys.co.uk/aboutus/recruitment/careers_new.htm[Accessed 25-Oct- 2010]. 7. COURSEWORK, (2010) Tesco PLC has an effective Recruitment and Selection however the are advantages and disadvantages which need to be considered. .[Online] available from http://www.coursework.info/AS_and_A_Level/Media_Studies/Internet/Tesco_PLC_has_an_effective_Recruitment_a_L126195.html[Accessed 30-Oct- 2010] 8. Iles, P.A. and Robertson, I.T. (1997), The impact of personnel selection procedures on candidates, in Anderson, N. and Herriot, P. (Eds), International Handbook of Selection and Assessment, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 543-66 9. Anderson, N., Born, M. and Cunningham-Snell, N. (2001a), Recruitment and selection: applicant perspectives and outcomes, in Anderson, N., Ones, D., Sinangil, H.K. and Viswesvaran, C. (Eds), Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 1, Sage, London and New York, NY, pp. 200-18 10. Beardwell, I. Holden,L. and Claydon (2004) Human resource management; A contemporary approach. 4th Edition. Harlow: Pearson Education 11. Gililand,S.W.(1993) The perceived fairness of selection system: an organisational justice perspective, Academy of management review, 18: 694-734.