Mli Case Study

The main problems facing Jamie Turner and MLI, Inc. as a whole are a lack of leadership, poor organization, poor planning and decision-making, and a lack of communication. The top executive of the organization did not display any of the managerial skills, except technical skills, needed to create a productive work environment. The organizational structure does not provide enough support for the diverse needs of MLI and created a power vacuum at the executive level of MLI. Different organizational cultures at MLI and Specialty Support Services (Triple S) created tension that made problem resolution difficult.The different cultures lead to ethically questionable decisions by MLI executives and staff. MLI, Inc. is an international lighting manufacturing organization that has suffered several financial setbacks after the death of the founder. MLI was acquired by a larger conglomerate, Specialty Support Services (Triple S) to provide alternative distributions channels for some of the Trip le S lighting products. The only Triple S executive to champion the MLI acquisition was Pat Cardullo. Cardullo, the president of The Triple S Mobile Systems/Support division would also serve as the MLI president.Jamie Turner was hired as the VP of sales and Marketing with the promise of future advancement in the organization. The nature of the MLI acquisition is the foundation of the issues confronting Jamie Turner. Pat Cardullo is the president of another successful Triple S division, and is in consideration of a major promotion. This fact left the organization without a workable plan to accomplish the unsustainable goals created by Cardullo. Cardullo was involved in details of the organization that would have been better handled by middle managers.Top managers focusing on implementation will leave an organization without the strategic planning needed to remain competitive. Cardullo also had an abrasive manner that was disruptive in the organization. Cardullo lacked the interperson al skills needed communicate, understand, or motivate the Sales and Marketing group at MLI. The personal views that Cardullo held about how employees should work left a team that was ambivalent about working with the organizations top executive. The focus on finding his replacement as quickly as possible, Cardullo did not exhibit the values of ethical leadership.Cardullo also failed to create proper chain of command and proper career paths for top managers at MLI. The power structure of the organization should not be left to a person sitting in a particular office. Cardullo’s and Jamie’s lack of management skill was apparent when Jamie changed prices to move old inventory. The fact that Jamie did not manage up created the space for real disagreement between the top managers. Without direction from Cardullo, Jamie was working under the assumption that margins could be lowered.Jamie also failed to communicate with the controller that has worked with Cardullo for many yea rs. Jamie demonstrated a lack of understanding as it relates to the controller when he presented negative information that would impact Cardullo. In another clear failure of leadership, Cardullo emphasized that Jamie was wrong in front of the rest of the management team. As the conflict between Cardullo and Jamie continued, more decisions were being consolidated in one office. Cardullo did not see the need to invite differing opinions on multiple issues that will negatively impact the organization.The decision to redesign a warehouse that creates inefficiency was a poor one. Cardullo made the decision over the objections of the managers that were assigned to make such decisions in the best interest of the organization. The ethical challenges around financial forecasting are very disturbing. Cardullo future with Triple S was at stake, so the need to be financially successful was paramount. The fact that the controller came over to MLI with Cardullo made the task of presenting alterna te forecasts unwelcome.The controller, who supported Cardullo without exception, allowed personal bias to affect her judgment. The dismissal of negative forecasts without investigation does not allow the organization the ability to correct potential problems. The consequence of an action that appears to be a cover-up, is other organizational members my also feel covering up decisions is acceptable. Jamie was rather upset that his decision to change pricing was not kept away from Cardullo. The issue created when Cardullo made the executive decision to change all pricing with the help of the controller was a serious misstep.Even in the face of serious disagreement by the senior staff, Cardullo made a unilateral decision that proved to be disastrous for the organization. Cardullo failed to account for the diversity in the market. Cardullo was dismissive of other’s ideas on creating additional revenue for MLI and would not communicate a strategy for the organization to follow. As Cardullo made more decisions about implementation, the other organizational leaders began to question their futures. The lack of leadership, organization, planning, and communication created a dysfunctional organization that continues to loose revenue.The seemingly unethical nature of how financials were being calculated erodes the organizational culture at MLI. The lack of strategic planning left the organization with goals other than hit a particular margin, but there was no leadership on how to reach the goal. Jamie tried to fill the vacuum left by Cardullo, but did not have a clear definition of what Cardullo wanted. The issues that MLI have exist at many different organizations but there are tools that can be utilized to minimize and/or eliminate the managerial missteps. The first tool is education.I would create a policy at MLI that requires all managers to take leadership training. It is vital that managers understand what is required when is comes to managing the human reso urces of the organization. Bad leadership can lead to resource shortages, loss of intellectual capital and well as institutional knowledge. I would include diversity training to help manager build the skills needs to understand the nuances that diverse employees and colleagues. Ethics policies would go into place to eliminate any misunderstanding about how the organization operates.Looking at the decisions made at MLI, I would remove Cardullo as president and hire a person that can be focused on MLI. Cardullo was a micro-manager that did not clearly communicate a strategy to the MLI team. The new president’s first task would be to create a formal reporting structure that defines how information should rollup within MLI. It is crucial that the organization have a clear picture of where it is at in order to make any shifts necessary to realize any potential opportunity.The formality of the reporting structure coupled with regular scheduled meetings with each senior manager and the entire senior management team will eliminate the rudderless feeling at MLI. In light of the acquisition, I would bring the senior management from MLI to Triple S and coordinate strategy sessions around the current and future goals for MLI. I would have the controller at MLI report through Triple S corporate finance. I believe this will help with corporate governance and eliminate the potential for mischief.The hiring and firing of employees would be done based on strict guidelines that is managed through HR. These changes will help MLI stabilize the current situation and plan a path to success for the organization. Cardullo did not gain the trust or loyalty of the management team of the staff at MLI. Jamie was working to accomplish different goals for the organization, but he failed to communicate his ideas and changes up the chain. In the absence of any defined direction and a boss that does not communicate effectively, Jamie was headed for trouble from the first day on the job .I would have Triple S create an ethics hotline to allow employees to communicate troubling issues within the organization and provide employee a mechanism to address issues they have unsuccessfully tried to communicate with their supervisor. Jamie needed a way to address difficult issues with Cardullo and has no idea what has been communicated to Triple S. The problems can be fixed, but it will require that Triple S and MLI assess the real issues presented in this case and put policies in place that remove as much ambiguity as possible.

Is our Generation More Stressed than the Previous Ones?

Nowadays, stress is becoming a common problem. Our younger generation thinks that modern life is generally much more stressful than in the past. However, others say that the amount of stress people have today is overstated as older generations coped with more pressure, but they never thought about such a phenomenon as â€Å"stress†. This contradiction makes many people compare the negative aspects of stress to society today and in the past.On the one hand, the previous generations experienced great stress because of poor living conditions, food shortage and numerous wars, which were taking away millions of people’s lives. Moreover, they did not have such helpful technologies, which make the life of a modern person easier. Besides, without an advanced medical system many people died of simple illnesses and diseases because there were no necessary medicines and vaccines. That is why life expectancy in the past was much lower than it is now.On the other hand, because of th e increasing pace of life nowadays people are always in a chronic rush, which causes various mental and physical health problems, such as backache, depression, fatigue, headaches, high blood pressure, and insomnia. What is more, almost everybody in our modern society is trying to achieve high standard of living, therefore, people have to spend long hour at work. As a result, they feel overworked and burn out, and hardly have time to relax and escape from everyday routine, which leads them to losing their balance between work and personal life.Furthermore, there is no doubt that several decades ago, the environment was much better than today with fresh water, air and food, whereas today we face air, water and noise pollution, which of course contribute to the symptoms of stress. In addition, nowadays, the majority of people lives in big and overcrowded cities and suffer from such common city problems as standstill traffic congestions, unemployment, high crime rate and high cost of li ving.The unemployment rate is constantly increasing; hence, the number of job-seeker is growing, which leads to the increasing competitiveness in job opportunities. In my opinion, each generation suffers from stress; the difference is in the attitude to it. To my mind, today time is more compressed than ever and because of the speedy pace of life and everyday overload, people feel exhausted as human beings are not designed for a prolonged, high-speed activity.However, we have to admit that in a certain sense our ancestors had their own reasons of stress, which should not be underestimated. To sum up, stress has been felt by all generations in their lives. It is really hard to compare either modern generation, or the previous one is under more stress that the other one, because each generation has its own problems. People would better concentrate on reducing the number of stress and try to make future living conditions more favorable.

Aerobic Training vs. Anaerobic Training Comparative Essay

Aerobic Training vs. Anaerobic Training Each person has different goals when wanting to become physically fit, but not many people know the difference between aerobic and anaerobic training. Even though aerobic and anaerobic training both contribute in maintaining overall health and both produce energy through glycolysis, which is the conversion of glucose into pyruvate, the training are different to achieve different results and the metabolic processes used by these two types of training are different. It is very important to know how to distinguish the differences between aerobic and anaerobic exercises to achieve different goals. Both aerobic and anaerobic training are equally important as stated by Lauren Bateman, â€Å"However, you need both anaerobic and aerobic exercise to be truly healthy† (Bateman, 2006-2011). I will discuss the difference between aerobic and anaerobic training so that you can achieve your goals effectively and proficiently. Aerobic training consists of physical activities such as jogging, brisk walking, rowing, cycling, skiing, and swimming. These are simple exercises that are performed at a low or moderate intensity and at longer period of time. When performing aerobic exercises, you activate the slow twitch muscles in your body. Lauren Bateman states, â€Å"Aerobic exercise means that you need to get continuous and large amounts of oxygen in order to generate energy† (Bateman, 2006-2011), so aerobic training produces energy through glycolysis by using oxygen to break down glucose as part of its metabolic process. Aerobic training should be for individuals whose goals are to lose weight and get slimmer, burn fat and tone their body, improve the circulation of blood and transportation of oxygen in the body, or strengthening and the muscles involved in respiration which is increasing their stamina. Anaerobic training consists of physical activities such as sprinting, jumping, weightlifting, and stress training. These are high intensity exercises that are performed for a short period of time. When performing anaerobic exercises, you activate the fast twitch muscles in your body. As stated by Lauren Bateman, â€Å"Anaerobic exercise such as weight lifting does not require large amounts of oxygen because the activity itself is very brief and intense† (Bateman, 2006-2011), so anaerobic training produces energy through glycolysis by the use of phosphocreatine, stored in the muscles, to break down glucose instead of oxygen as part of its metabolic process. Anaerobic training should be for individuals whose goals are to increase speed, power, strength, body mass, and agility depending on the anaerobic exercises. For instance, sprinting improves speed and power, weightlifting improves strength and body-mass, and vertical jumps improve muscular power and agility. In conclusion, choosing whether to conduct aerobic or anaerobic training depends on the goal that certain individual is trying to achieve. Even though aerobic and anaerobic training both contribute in maintaining overall health, it is very important to know how to distinguish the differences between aerobic and anaerobic exercises to achieve different goals effectively and proficiently. Even though it is important to know the difference between aerobic and anaerobic training, just remember they are also equally important. References Bateman, L. (2006 – 2011). Aerobic Vs Anaerobic Exercise. Retrieved June 8, 2011, from Todays Women and Health Website: http://www. todays-women-and-health. com/anaerobic-exercise. html

An investigation on Crystals belief that the language of texting Essay

An investigation on Crystals belief that the language of texting contain features which are not linguistically novel but contain antecedents in earlier language use - Essay Example ill also look at how adults have adapted to the use of the language, nullifying much of the advantages that adolescents believed they had gained from its use. In looking at the responses to a questionnaire on the topic of text messaging, a determination can be made on the level of infiltration that the language has made into current culture can be assessed. Finally, the study will make some recommendations on the development and legitimacy of the language, utilizing the research to create informed conclusions. In the past decade, the increase in the use of an abbreviated language to communicate in the form of the text message has become a significant addition to the number of ways in which information is passed. In using this method of communication, an adoption of a new language has created a controversy over the possible diminished depth of formal writing in favor of the simplistic version of language that is used in SMS (short message service). As a generational gap is created by the introduction of these technologies to the youth, the worry becomes more integrated into parental concerns over a form of language that cannot be easily deciphered. As the text messages in contemporary society become linguistically defined by standardized terms that are becoming recognizable on a universal level, a new language has emerged that requires identification, interpretation, and examination for its validity. The creation of convenient language that interprets current cultural needs is not a new phenomenon. Meaning that is developed contextually and contains relevance to popular culture has been the vernacular of language throughout history. The way in which intimates communicate has always been through language that is developed in such a way as to have an exclusionary effect. By creating a language for communicating through the technology of text messaging, society is continuing a tradition that is not new in history. Therefore, the creation of this language

God of carnage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

God of carnage - Essay Example They would have probably never met each other if not their kids. The thing is on November 3 Ferdinand struck Bruno in the face and knocked out two of his teeth. This was the reason why the families of Vallons and Reilles met later that day at Vallons place to settle the case in a civilized and diplomatic manner. However, step by step the conversation between parents spun out of control and they started pointless argument screaming and swearing at each other by the end of the night. Alain is a well-to-do lawyer and Annette is a housewife who is managing the wealth of their family, as she herself characterizes herself. Michel is a second-rate wholesale dealer and his wife, Veronique is currently endeavors to write a book about Darfur, a war-ridden Sudanese province, and works at a bookshop part-time. The way Michel describes his occupation makes one feel he is a loser, "its never exactly been a bonanza" (Reza 9). Alain anticipates such a characterization by asking Michel arrogantly and without scruple on how successful he is, "Money in that, is there?" (Reza 9). Alain himself is a successful lawyer but, although he behaves quite arrogantly, he is tight-lipped and modest when being asked about his profession. As to his occupation Alains reply is confined to a couple of words, "A lawyer", which only underlines his awareness of being a well-to-do and respected man (Reza 6). However, the only thing Alain seems to care about is his job. Even Michel wife cant help telling him, "I dont understand why you dont seem to care about this", when he doesnt take an active part in bickering about his own son with her (Reza 20). Alains wife, Annette, is a woman who easily loses her temper and the little things of life often make her depressed. When the conversation between the parents went out of control and they failed to find common ground Annettes husband said that he is not

Ddp week2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ddp week2 - Essay Example This is exactly what this essay seeks to do. Rentschler (2003) opines that â€Å"emotions are the result of a logical appraisal of the probability that a situation will effect a positive or negative change to our physical or psychological well being.† Emotion therefore refers to the reaction that our minds give to an occurrence or event around us. Emotion is a personal feeling that may vary from person to person – thus two people will feel differently towards the same occurrence. Emergence can be said to represent how complex systems result out of relatively simple systems or interactions. To this effect, (Lewes 1875, p. 412) has it that â€Å"every resultant is either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces; their sum, when their directions are the same -- their difference, when their directions are contrary† (Blitz 1992). Research can simply be said to be the search of knowledge. Research also involves re-learning about a thing or a phenomenon. Research has been made to appear quite complicated and formal because there are a lot of academic theories and conventions surrounding it. To conduct a research therefore, one has to follow some laid down procedure. Keegan (2009) views emergence from an angle where it impacts on the conduct of research rather than emergence having a role in the results or analysis of data. This is indeed unlike he did for emotion, which shall be discussed later. Keegan (2009) posits that â€Å"web communications, crowd behaviour and brand evolution can all be thought of in terms of emergence.† This means that Keegan relates emergence to the point of view where researchers take issues. By this, emergence makes the conduct and manipulation of concepts in research work more complex and complicated. This is because as seen in the definition of term, emergence is characterized complexity out of simple phenomenon. There could however be a

How do the poems of Frank O'Hara explore how a person'a inner life Essay

How do the poems of Frank O'Hara explore how a person'a inner life shapes the city or invents a city within the city, and how th - Essay Example Frank O'Hara, a New York dweller expresses his sentiments on his mutual relationship with the city. Although he appears content with the relationship with the city, in some instances, he reveals of the negatives that the city has on him. However, the city is not generally the name, rather, it is the buildings, the people and all the activities taking place in these buildings, and undertaken by the people living in the city. It is due to the activities of people living in the city that influence the life of the people, brining into existence new worlds. However, this is a world full of fantasy and dreams, but one far from the reality. Living in the city, people socialize in different ways. As people work in the cities and conduct business in the city, they interact differently with each other. This way, they influence each other. According to O’Hara, the city significantly contributes to a number of changes in his life. For instance, the city contributes to his sadness. In his narration in the poem, â€Å"Meditations in an Emergency,† he points out that each time his heart is broken, he feels like being more adventurous. Love, being part of the social city life influences the moods of the people. However, there are differences between love in the city and love in the countryside. While in the countryside, love knows of no bounds, love in the city knows of bounds. One of the main reasons for this is the impact that city life has on the people (Jaffe web). Not only does it make people complicated, it also makes it difficult to understand them. There is an increased level of unfaithfulness in the city dating scene, if lamentations in O’Hara’s poem, â€Å"Meditations in an Emergency† are anything to go by. According to him, people share love in the city, thus rendering love useless. Subsequently, there are frequent break ups as people seek for better partners. The lies that people tell to each other in the name of love are overwhel ming. The city teaches smooth lies, which people tell to win love and trust. The heavily built city environment makes life boring (Vince web). They cannot enjoy a nature walk in the grassland and pick up a blade of grass, unless they have to walk up the subway. This is however human in the making. The increased construction in the cities is the main contributing factor to the loss of vegetation cover. Most of the land in the city is paved if not constructed (â€Å"BOP Consulting† 2). Thus, although people feel bored in the city and long for nature walks, this is not possible with the lack of natural environment to have walks. Subsequently, people remain indoors and do nothing, amid the urge to leave their abodes (Vince web). In addition to the high levels of boredom facing city people, homosexuality is yet another problem. According to O’Hara, men kiss each other, signifying the erosion of culture and civilization. In his poem, â€Å"† he narrates, â€Å"Now th ere is only one man I like to kiss when he is unshaven†, and further attributes this to heterosexuality. When people cannot find love and after their transgressions, they run to the churches thus deceiving one another of their identities. The quality of life in the city, especially for the poor is worrying. Construction workers for instance can only afford sand-witches and Coca-Cola for lunch. Despite the hard work that these people handle, they have poor dieting, which contributes to their poor health conditions. Few people pay attention to the working

The collapse of the Atlantic cod fishery is generally understood to Essay

The collapse of the Atlantic cod fishery is generally understood to have been multi-causal. Describe the various factors that co - Essay Example Previously, the fishermen caught fish only in certain areas and there too they were unable to fish at a great depth. This limited the amount of fish that were caught and hence a balance in the ecosystem was not majorly disturbed. With the introduction of efficient machines, huge areas were covered and fishing could be done at greater depths, which resulted in a rapid decline in the fishing stocks. The Collapse of fishing industry has left a strong message to the Government and to all the companies linked with the utilization of natural resources. Natural resources are the assets of a country and to over exploit them just for the sake of making extra profits is harmful for the future of the country. Canadian forests are now facing similar threats and it is being feared that they may meet the same end as the Fishing industry. Ten percent of the world’s forest land is present in Canada and the wood industry generates billions of revenue for the country (Canada, 2010). However the forests are suffering from overcutting of wood and if Government does not introduce policies to barricade the practice, Canadian forests may be doomed like the Atlantic Cod Fishery.

Modern World Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Modern World Theories - Essay Example justice would be most required. Thus, such an effort is made in this discussion to comprehend three of the most prominent theories of the modern world. As a first step, let us understand them in their popular definitions to initiate the discussion. Liberalism, as opposed to Marxism and Neo-Conservatism, is a "political theory founded on the natural goodness of humans and the autonomy of the individual and favouring civil and political liberties, government by law with the consent of the governed, and protection from arbitrary authority [and] An economic theory in favour of laissez-faire, the free market, and the gold standard" (Liberalism. 2008). Now, to understand another major modern theory, Marxism can be well defined as the "political and economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in which the concept of class struggle plays a central role in understanding society's allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois oppression under capitalism to a socialist and ultimately classless society" (Marxism. 2008). Another major political philosophy that came out, mainly in the US, as a rejection of social liberalism and the New Left movements is the Neo- Conservatism which is difficult to be defined, yet may be understood as one that "refers to the political goals and ideology of the "new conservatives" in the United States, characterized by hawkish views on foreign policy and a lesser emphasis on social issues and minimal government than other strains of American conservatism" (Definition: Neoconservatism (United States). 2007). Now, to have a comprehensive idea of these philosophies, let us discuss them in detail. Liberalism In critical perspective, Liberalism, as opposed by the other political, cultural, social and economic theories of consideration, may be put in a high status in the modern context as it ensures maximum individual freedom in the democratic way of governments. Various characteristic features of the theory may be considered in favour of Liberalism. Among them the notable ones are the emphasis on individual freedom, opposition to the government regulation through the advocacy of free market, importance on the liberal government, democracy, and civil rights and the equality of opportunity to the individual. There so many values, elements, institutions, and other characteristics that buttress the great role of Liberalism. One of the primary considerations among them is its perspectives on human nature. Liberalism, in its radical social form, has been the champion of human liberty and all its perspectives of human being concentrated on this ultimate concept of the liberals. Human beings, when they are adult, mature persons to enjoy the freedom and selection of things most suiting their growth and progress, were allowed the freedom without the intervention of the government. Unlike the classical liberals who consider the individuals as able to assume the ways of developing their life, modern liberals cling to the idea about human nature "that we are basically moved by impersonal forces and have no capacity to initiate any improvements in our lives. Any such improvement has to come from the outside, and government, with its concentrated and massive coercive power, is the most promising candidate to bring about such improvement"

The Power of Fate vs. Free

The Power of Fate vs. Free Will Essay 1001 Nights has many stories, with the same theme fate vs. free will. In these stories several characters have to deal with the choices they make and their outcome. What is fate verse free will? Fate could be more destined to happen, as free will could be the ability to do what you want, and pursue your interests. In the story, aâ‚ ¬? The Enchanted Horse,aâ‚ ¬? it was either fate or free will of man that decided the outcome of the story. In ancient times fate was considered to be part of life. Almost every aspect of life was based upon fate. An example of fate in aâ‚ ¬? The Enchanted Horse,aâ‚ ¬? would be when the king did not allow the Indianaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reward to marry the princess, so the Indian tricked the Prince into riding the horse. The Indian was locked away in prison by the King for allowing the prince to leave on the magic horse, Well, your head shall answer for it, returned the monarch, and if in three months he is not safe back with me, or at any rate does not send me news of his safety, your life shall pay the penalty. So saying, he ordered his guards to seize the Indian and throw him into prison. (Lane Pg 1). This quote from the story shows how this story could be choosing fate for not only the prince but also the Indian. This quote once said by someone can relate to this topic and story in several ways: It is my fate to control my destiny, and it is my destiny to control my fate, People have free will and can decide how their life turns out. Regarding kings, magic, and genies, mankind has the ability to control their lives. In the story the prince had the choice to fly around or go back home after discovering the switch on the horses neck but chose to find a princess instead. He then remembered that he had never waited to ask how he was to get back to again, and understood the danger in which he stood. Luckily, he did not lose his head, and set about examining the horses neck with great care, till at last, to his intense joy, he discovered a tiny little peg, much smaller than the other, close to the right ear. This he turned, and found him-self dropping to the earth, though more slowly than he had left it. (Lane pg 2) Towards the end of the story he won over the princess by beating the kings large army. By the prince choosing free will he chose a cause and effect to take place. He chose to find a princess instead of willing able to return home. After reading the story it was hard to distinguish which is best, fate or free will. It is the enchanting story that keeps you wondering which will it be. Fate and free will both decide the turn out of the prince in this story. With the help of the magic, trickery, and kings in the story, that helped show the themes of fate and free will.

Factors that influence the demand for mobile phones

Factors that influence the demand for mobile phones In the current competitive economy, any entities from non profit to multinational organizations that are considered as cash cow are in high demand for economic knowledge to survive. Economic system is the system by which the economy is organized. In this paper we are going to discuss about different types of economic systems, their variety, advantages and disadvantages. Function of price in market economy A market economy or free market economy is an economy in which the allocation for resources is determined only by their supply and the demand for them (J.Stanely Johnson, Introduction to economic analysis P1-1).In Market economy The price of goods plays a crucial role in determining an efficient distribution of resources .Price acts as a signal for shortages and surpluses which help firms respond to changing market conditions. In a market economy Price is determined by demand and supply, for example when there is a low price for a good it means the demand is low. However in market economy price for abundant goods never gets high to a critical point due to the fact of consumer sovereignty environment which consumers are the rulers for suppliers. Figure: 01(Demand chart). Describes the demand relationship with quantity and Price Source: http://bit.ly/1LhnYp As it is observed in figure 01; P1and Q1 interception determines a good with high demand and low quantity so the price is at the highest peak. In opposite side of the Demand law there is supply law. Figure: 02(supplys chart) describes the supply relation with price and quantity Source: http://bit.ly/1LhnYp As it is shown in supplys chart when the price is high for a product, supply will increase accordingly. And on the other hand equilibrium or balance will happen. As bellow Figure: 03(equilibrium chart) describes How supply, demand, price and quantity are stable Source: http://bit.ly/1LhnYp Figure 03, determines how supply is dictated by price. Role of other factors like excess demand and excess supply are not declinable in determining the price in a market economy but is out of this papers capacity. Market economy Vs command market Command economy is an economy system that all economic activity is regulated by the government, formerly in China and the Soviet Union are two appropriate examples for such economic system. There are two opposite approaches to an economys operation.   The command economy is Hierarchy from top to down, and centrally planned economy of socialism (Roberts, Paul Craig and Karen Lafollette, Melt down: Inside the soviet economy, Cato institute ,PP12-13)   The market economy is the divided economy of the market economy.   The most tangible difference between the two is the existence of private property in the market economy and the absence of private property in the command economy. The belief about command economy is that it is planned and organized while market economy is unplanned.  Contradiction to this view is the fact that market economy is very intelligently planned via consumer demand through the price system. Moreover, for five reasons the command economy is doomed. First, effort to plan an entire economy by a main decision making body is ineffective as the bulk of task is tremendous.  That is impossible that a board of few hundred planners could know the needs, conditions of resource availability, and localized knowledge spread throughout an economy. Second, the command economy motivation factor eventually is based on force and compulsion.  The main element in an economic system is in fact people; therefore controlling an economy is first and foremost control of people.  Unfortunately human motivation is reduced when force is used in any area which dooms that entity to end. Third, the command economy is based on collectivism which means collective control over production and distribution.   Individual encouraging is absent. For example, with ten employees in an economy each will receive one out of tenth of total output.   If one person neglects, his loss is only one of tenth of the production he would have produced.  So the loss for an entity with a population of millions is dramatic and sometimes irreversible .It turns out that everyone is trying to live at the expense of others and accordingly production efficiency and effectiveness both will reduce. Four, the incentive for production is to satisfy the political authorities who have control over the workers life.   In contrast to the market, where production is relied on consumers demand, consumer is not a vital factor to the command economy. And last but not least, economic risks are much likely to be higher in command market in compare with market economy, failures such as excess demand and excess supply are more likely to be less or at least are not as intense as command market as consumers demand plays a vital role in market economy and is more manageable. Command economy has advantages as well such as bellow Government removes all private contributors and tries to contribute products equally. In this way poverty level will be reduced and there is equal income. Social services are also emphasized in this type of economy. Command economy has capability of fast changes in major problems. For example if a company has to be shifted it will be fast as government has the whole power. Practically bankruptcy does not exist under the command of government and if there is a loss in any enterprise it will be compensated by other resources that are under command of government. For example if any entity has loss and is in need of cash government is responsible for cash injection. In overall every economy system has its own advantage and disadvantages, the current economy paces are toward capitalism which might be the answer to all of prayers. Even though there is no pure market economy systems used in the world and are most considered as mixed economy but still changes are toward capitalism and countries with the background of command economy have taught us that consumer demand is most important factor in economy which its ignorance causes the failure of the whole system. Source: http://alturl.com/37gwd Factors that influence the demand for mobile phones Mobile phone markets are one of the most turbulent market environments today, due to increased competition and change. So it is important to look at consumers decision process and recognize the factors that determine the consumers choice between various brands of mobile phones. Factors that influence the demand for mobile phones are vary; we try to cover some of the most important. Technology: twenty century is the communication century, every day new phones by new features are produced, when there is a new technology or feature is added to mobile phones it will increase the demand, as an example for technology, when a technology like Bluetooth started to be added to new phones, demand for the phones with this technology increased, or for new feature like camera the demand increased. Nowadays mobile phone companies are using societal marketing concept as their marketing plans, which means they focus on consumer needs, while some companies like apple go even further than this concept and determine new needs for customers by invention and technology. They create something in a manner that goes higher than demand and become a need which is described as state of felt deprivation. While demand is described as human wants based on their purchasing power. Environment, as the world is leading to globalization, environment plays a critical role in determining the demand, as long as a person is in an environment that is affected by a product he/she will get affected by that product, for example resistance to change is much lesser in an environment that is commonly agree on the demand of a product. Usage of Price elasticity of demand and income elasticity of demand in phone companies Price elasticity of demand is measured by the responsiveness (or sensitivity) of consumers to a price change, according to Campbell McConnell and Stanley Brue (2004, p.356). The price elasticity of demand tool could be used to assess the several pricing plan to determine if the price should be reduced to attract more consumers, or to increase the price while making the product more attractive and more features to make it better bargain. This way also they can realize how elastic is their supplies. It also could dictate that different phones have different potential in elasticity, for example Nokia company Produces N series and E series, then company realizes the E series are highly elastic while N series are more likely to be inelastic in compare with the E series, so Company increase the production of N series while the price is stable, and lowers the production of E series in order to prevent the risk of excess supply. Income elasticity of demand isthe ratio of proportional increase in quantity demanded to proportional increase in income, with all prices held constant. A luxury is a good with an income elasticity of demand in excess of unity.  [1]   According to income elasticity of demand companies can estimate the future prices and production. As income elasticity is more likely to be effective in luxury goods companies can determine also the quality of the goods. As the world economy faced the recession and has just getting out of trough phase is recovering itself which means that in future we will face the peak or economy boom, it is when consumers purchasing power increases and are more likely to intend toward quality rather than quantity. That is when Income elasticity of demand tool could help the companies to determine whether they could increase the quality and/or price and/or quantity accordingly. For example Sony Ericson realizes that demand toward its expensive product is increasing opposed to its highly affordable cell phones. This determines that economy now has the potential for a higher demand especially on expensive products. Conclusion In overall doctrine of elasticity in economy helps supplier to understand, interact and connect to consumer. It helps you to have a communion with economic and its factors, also has an important role in planning and even marketing in an organization. A Company Like AirAsia that in the trough of recession Was The only airline that had a 271% ahead of pre tax level profit in the first quarter of 2004 (Fourth quarter repot 2005, Airasia  [2]  ), While all of the other companies only suffering from loss. Such companies like AirAsia have won their ticket by futuristic and planning using doctrine of elasticity analysis. It shows no company no matter how big needs to have planning and analyze in all its area and aspects.

Mind-body Distinction :: essays research papers

â€Å"Mind-Body distinction† We usually view the mind as the brain and body as something physical. The mind may be better known and understood when one is thinking. When thinking, the mind is made up purely of thoughts and the body is an extension. The mind is telling the body what to do. The mind is a mental entity and the brain itself is the physical body. Although one can not have a mind with out a brain, the mind and brain differ in which one is mental and the other physical. Together the mind and body are like a foundation. Empirically we know that the mind needs a brain to exist, but the mind is not a physical substance. Moreover, a brain sits useless unless it has a mind. Substances with shape, mass, and other physical properties characterize the physical. In contrast, substances without any size, shape, mass often characterize the mental. One of the first things about our bodies is that they have limitations that we may think are not there. Our bodies seem to be what they are no matter what we think about them. Although you can change your body by changing your body image, you can never become the ideal person you think you can be. Thus, our bodies seem to exist and be what they are independently from what any mind thinks they are. Are bodies are physical and can not be changed because we can see them change in our mind. The body can be controlled by the mind to do certain things but the mind can not change our physical appearance. The main characteristic of the mind is the ability to think. A mind does more than take in information from the world and react to it. The mind has hopes, feelings, and beliefs. It is aware of the world and has feelings and thoughts about the information that it takes in from the world. Minds are non-physical and the thoughts it produces do not have anything in common with the physical. We can see, touch, or hear our thoughts. An idea can exist, but only in the mind. An idea has no physical properties to it. Physical objects can be perceived in the mind but objects in the mind are immaterial.

Sir John A. Macdonald Essay -- Canadian History

Sir John A. Macdonald Sir John A. Macdonald was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on January 10, 1815. His fathers name was Hugh Macdonald and his mothers name was Helen Shaw. His father had migrated to Glasgow from the town of Dornach. His father was a very pleasant and easy going guy and he alwasys wanted to make everyhting better but he usually made things worst. He was a man that had lots of friends, he would talk a lot and drink too. His mother came from Spey Vally. His mother was a very smart girl, she was like the opposite of his father. His mother and father got married on 1811, and after 8 years they had 5 children, the eldest child died and after John was the eldest. In Glasgow his fathers business wansn't doing that good and he thought that if they would move to upper Canada they would have a better life there. So finally in 1820 they sailed to upper Canada. They arrived at Kingston in mid July, and John was only five years old. When he arrived his thought about Scotland just disapeard. The M acdonald family decided to stay in Kingston. Sir John A. only went to school untill 1829, when he was only 15. His parents couldn't afford to send him to University. He says that if had went to University he wouldn't have went into politics. When he turned 15 Sir John A. articled to a Kingston lawyer, George Mackenzie, so he was learining Law. In 1832 Mackenzie opened a branch office where he put Macdonald in charge of it. Later on he had taken over another law practice i...

At first the whole class went into the drama studio and sat down. :: Drama

At first the whole class went into the drama studio and sat down. Inside the room there was a projector and a video camera filming the exam. Task One All things in bold and underlined are the explorative strategies we used during the exam. At first the whole class went into the drama studio and sat down. Inside the room there was a projector and a video camera filming the exam. I was told to relax and then told to stand up and act like a character that depsised everyone else around myself. We all did this at the same time, whilst walking around the drama studio. At one point we were told to act scared of everyone around ourselves I noticed that not many people varied their pace as they changed their roles. We were then told to play a range of other characters. I did not realise how others were performing as I was concentrating on my own performance. All of this was mimed. We were then told to look at the picture on the projector. The whole class got into pairs and discussed the picture on the screen. It was a picture produced by an artist named George Grosz. His style is stated as "Caricature" the picture we were shown was in this style. In pairs we discussed what we thought was happening in this picture. I was working with Victoria and we decided that the men at the front were obviously separated from the other characters in the picture, by having huge charateristics (e.g Nose and body shape). The poor were slightly crouched to give the effect they were lower than the 3 men at the front of the picture. Which was non-naturlistic. We then were told to re-create the picture by ourselves in the studio. Half of the group used physical theatre to create the buildings in the background of the picture. The other half of the group had to act as the people that were in the picture. The students that were acting as people used body language to create different standards of living of the characters. The picture had 3 different types of people. They were rich, poor, or soldiers. Men played all the rich people which I found slightly sexist. However, they used body language to create an essence of how important and rich they were. They tried to look tough and heavy by crouching their shoulders up and keeping their hands away from their faces, which shows that they are not unhealthy (no coughing from illness) Their faces showed a bossy and un-sympathetic attitude towards the old people.

Political Risk in Malaysia

†¢ The fact that Prime Minister Mahathir has seen fit to take a two month vacation is the strongest evidence in a long time that his position within UMNO remains unchallenged. The political succession issue also seems clearer now that Mahathir has permitted his deputy to assume the title of Acting Prime Minister. Such a privilege was not given to trusted lieutenant Ghafar Baba in 1989, when the prime minister was recovering from a coronary bypass operation. Anwar's performance will be watched closely in the coming weeks. Another test of the extent to which Mahathir is at ease with Anwar will be the degree to which the prime minister gives Anwar free reign to deal with any public controversies which arise while he is on leave. †¢ The by-election victory of the opposition Democratic Action Party in Perak in mid-May surprised many observers. However, it would be an exaggeration to suggest that the result portends a significant shift of ethnic Chinese support away from the government in the nation as a whole. Local issues were paramount in the campaign, and voters knew that they could support the opposition without threatening the National Front's two-thirds majority in parliament. †¢ The differing approaches taken by Malay politicians (who have been calling for a tough stand against Singapore) and the Chinese business community (which has been urging moderation) has not yet led to any appreciable rise in ethnic tension. However, the situation could change quite significantly should Malay leaders suggest that the nation's ethnic Chinese were siding with Singapore. Tension between Singapore and Malaysia has remained remarkably persistent, over the last few weeks, egged on by the semi-official press in both countries. An informal boycott of Malaysia by Singapore travel agencies during the school holiday season has been followed by a variety of tit for tat moves in Malaysia aimed at reducing Malaysian exports through Singapore and cracking down on Singaporean professionals working illeg ally on social visit passes. While politicians on both sides of the causeway have been more careful in their public statements, it is difficult to believe that the critical tenor of the reporting by the mass media of both countries does not have at least the tacit support of the two governments. Even so, things are unlikely to be allowed to get out of hand. †¢ Relations with the US, however, are improving. Once a staunch opponent of an American security presence in Asia, Kuala Lumpur now appears quite willing to cooperate with the US military in the region, with a number of US warships making high-profile calls at Malaysian ports in recent months. The policy shift appears to be related to efforts by Prime Minister Mahathir to woo US companies to invest in his pet project, the Multi-Media Super-Corridor (MSC). By providing facilities to US forces, Kuala Lumpur hopes to send a reassuring signal to the American companies it hopes to attract to the MSC. pic] Near-Term Outlook Steady as she goes Given a choice, Mahathir would probably very much like to concern himself with foreign policy issues in the coming months. However, it is very likely that domestic issues will continue to push their way to the top of the political agenda, forcing the prime minister to intervene belatedly to settle various issues which emerge while he is overseas. To the extent that the prime minister will want to sh ow any serious interest in domestic affairs, his attention will probably be focused on corruption. Mahathir appears to have concluded that graft — and Malaysia's growing reputation for it — is becoming an increasingly serious obstacle to his efforts to win the country the international respect and admiration he believes it deserves as a result of its economic achievements. Meanwhile, Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim's grip on the finance portfolio is under threat, with rumors circulating in Kuala Lumpur that the prime minister is none too pleased with the way he has handled several matters in the last few months. A series of missteps by Anwar has certainly left many in the private sector wondering whether the deputy prime minister is really the most suitable man for the job. There is little doubt that Dr. Mahathir remains in firm control of the country. So much so that uncertainties regarding policy issues only seem to emerge when he is not around. With the UMNO partly polls out of the way and national elections not due for some time, Dr. Mahathir can be expected to spend an increasing amount of his time pursuing his long-held interest in foreign affairs in locations such as Tokyo, Beijing and Seoul while putting domestic matters on hold. This year, Kuala Lumpur plays host to two important ASEAN meetings, and the prime minister will want to make the most of them. The first (in July) is the ASEAN ministerial meeting and its accompanying ASEAN Regional Forum with the grouping's dialogue partners. The second (in December) is the ASEAN informal summit. In the run-up to both, Dr. Mahathir can be expected to make his views known on a variety of internationally controversial issues. Apart from a few more speeches about perceived Western arrogance, the prime minister will be pushing for the acceptance of Myanmar as a full member of ASEAN. There will also be more talk about the formation of a de facto EAEC, with Kuala Lumpur inviting participation from countries such as China, Japan and South Korea. With the prime minister traveling overseas quite a lot, it is possible to argue that the prospect of short-term government policy paralysis this year is greater than is generally realized. On several occasions now, the government has revealed a lack of decisiveness when faced with a controversial issue while the prime minister was out of the country. A case in point is Anwar's foot-dragging early last year over the implementation of the rotation system for the position of Sabah Chief minister. Yet another was the unfavorable High Court decision last June which forced a temporary halt to work on the Bakun Dam in Sarawak. In both cases, flagging political resolve only revived when Mahathir returned to take charge of events. The more recent furor over the uncomplimentary remarks of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew regarding the crime situation in the southern Malaysian state of Johore are yet another example of the same thing. Although the matter appeared to have been resolved before Mahathir left for Tokyo, ministers emerged from a subsequent Cabinet meeting chaired by Anwar to make off-the-record comments to the press to the effect that Malaysia had decided to â€Å"freeze† its relations with Singapore in the wake of remarks by Singaporean leaders that implied that Malaysia had overreacted. The resulting media reports shocked the business community in both countries, since such reports inevitably conjured up visions of the 1965 split and suggested that a wide range of business and political ties would be disrupted. Yet another possible source of uncertainty in the coming months relates to the extent to which corporate rivalries will continue to reflect an ongoing political rift between Dr. Mahathir and Anwar. Reports that Renong has come up with a proposal to build a high-speed train line between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore — an idea which clashes directly with similar plans by DRB-Hicom — certainly suggests that they will. In the popular mind, Renong is associated with UMNO Treasurer Daim Zainuddin (a close Mahathir confidant), while DRB-Hicom is seen as being more closely linked with individuals associated with Anwar. The reality, however, is probably a little more complicated, with the late Tan Sri Yahaya of DRB-Hicom (who died suddenly in early March) arguably at least as close to Mahathir as he was to Anwar. Either way, the two companies have such powerful connections that the battle between them will almost certainly involve political as well as purely economic criteria. Local pundits may not have got it exactly right in the case of Renong and DRB-Hicom, but there is little doubt that policy differences between the prime minister and his deputy do have some impact on the corporate scene. A case in point is the recent refusal of the finance ministry to provide financial guarantees to Ekran, the company responsible for the construction of the massive Bakun Dam. Anwar has never really embraced the project, and it is not hard to conclude from this decision that the finance minister is determined to make things as difficult for Ekran as possible, despite the fact that the Bakun Dam is one of Mahathir's pet projects. Of more relevance to the business community in general, however, is Anwar's performance as minister of finance. With the economy doing well, it may be argued that the fact that he lacks a solid background in economics is of little consequence. All that is really required is an intelligent personality capable of taking advice from experts in both the ministry and the central bank. At this level, Anwar seems to measure up. However, a closer look suggests that he is also capable of making errors of judgment which could create quite serious problems in the future if they are made at a time when the economy is less resilient. Take the problem we mentioned earlier about the Cabinet decision regarding Singapore. Anwar could have ended the confusion over the freezing-of-relations reports as soon as they arose, but he chose not to do so. Instead, he issued a press statement which, while stopping short of announcing a trade and investment boycott, appeared to support widespread rumors that such a decision had actually been taken. In this way it may be argued that he allowed the alarm to spread though the business communities of both countries. As a result, the value of both the ringgit and Singapore dollar dropped overnight. Perhaps Anwar was trying to send a political message to Singapore. If so, it is worth noting that although Mahathir has had some high-profile tiffs with Western nations in the past, even he has never before sent such a blunt message to a neighboring country. Yet another apparent lapse in judgment concerns the way the central bank (technically under the control of Anwar's finance ministry) handled an announcement at the end of March about new guidelines aimed at reducing lending to the property sector. A vaguely worded statement to the effect that the authorities had imposed a new 20% limit on bank loans to the sector sent the stock market reeling, with property and finance stocks in particular taking a beating. The new policy also redefined lending for share purchases in order to curb what monetary authorities said was excessive share speculation. Left to draw their own interpretations, some banks stopped giving out such loans altogether while checking whether they had exceeded the new limits. Anwar did little at first to clarify the situation, merely informing the press that he was satisfied with the CB move. It was not until several days later when the monetary authorities released details of the new guidelines (which contained exemptions that significantly watered down the effect of the new curbs) that the market stabilized. Not surprisingly, the incident has pleased nobody, with a number of economists privately accusing the authorities of backing down on an important measure designed to reduce the exposure of the banks to the property market. For Mahathir, the timing could not have been worse. The prime minister is particularly anxious to ensure that the listing of the Bakun Hydro-electric Corporation in June comes off well. With foreign investors shying away from the project, the company is now relying on the domestic market to absorb a massive M$3 billion in new shares. This will not be easy to do on a falling stockmarket, and Mahathir will now probably want to make sure that he is still in the country in the run-up to the IPO so that he can settle any last minute hitches. Meanwhile, with a Cabinet reshuffle on the cards in the coming months, the Deputy Prime Minister's political opponents can be expected to once again press for Anwar's removal in favor of Trade and Industry Minister Rafidah Aziz. Since the beginning of the year, Mahathir has lost two senior figures who played an important role in promoting projects in which he is especially interested. The uncertainties created as a result of the sudden death of businessman Tan Sri Yahaya show the sort of thing that can happen as a result of current Malaysian development strategies which place heavy reliance on individual entrepreneurs to run major companies in strategic industries. Of particular concern now is the fate of Malaysia's national car project which Tan Sri Yahaya headed. The resignation of Selangor Chief Minister Tan Sri Tun Mustapha in mid-April as a result of corruption allegations is another case in point. The loss of Tun Muhamad was not a serious political blow to the prime minister, since the latter was not considered a key Mahathir loyalist. However, it has raised questions about the extent to which his successor will be willing to push the Multimedia Super Corridor project and support the development of Putra Jaya, the new administrative capital. The Sultan of Selangor does not appear to be especially interested in cooperating with Mahathir in selecting a replacement, and has instead made disparaging remarks about transfers of land ownership during Tun Muhamad's tenure. The loss of key individuals in other economic sectors could also upset the apple cart. The huge M$15-billion Bakun Dam project in Sarawak, for example, is very closely associated with Tan Sri Ting Pek Khiing. The fact that he suffered a mild stroke last year cannot be regarded as good news for the hundreds of subcontractors — both local and foreign — which are expecting him to push the project through to completion. None of these problems, either by themselves or in combination, are likely to trip up a seasoned politician such as Mahathir, but they are going to be distractions from the foreign policy agenda the prime minister would rather follow. Two other developments are worth monitoring. The first concerns the degree to which the current anti-corruption drive can really be expected to take off, while the second concerns the (not entirely unrelated) political revival of UMNO Youth. The current anti-graft campaign really got going in the run-up to the UMNO party elections late last year when Mahathir ordered a blanket ban on campaigning in order to keep candidates from showering money and favors on delegates. Then, at the convention itself, he launched an emotional attack on graft, saying that it would destroy the party. The result has been that several corruption-tainted candidates competing in the party elections lost heavily. Since then, proposals have been tabled in parliament designed to increase the effectiveness of the Anti-Corruption Agency (ACA), the Selangor Chief Minister has been forced to resign, and no less than eight other senior officials have been placed under investigation. On this issue, Mahathir appears to have Anwar solidly behind him, although the latter has sometimes operated as something of a loose cannon, embarking on investigations that could ultimately implicate staunch Mahathir supporters such Works Minister Samy Vellu, for example. The latter development also points to a serious problem facing a national leadership wishing to pursue the matter further: how to launch a determined attack on graft without undercutting one's own political support. For this reason alone, it is a fairly safe bet that the current campaign will not be a comprehensive one. More likely, a few carefully chosen cases will be vigorously pursued in the hope that this will have a demonstration effect on other greedy individuals. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, the newly elected leader of UMNO Youth, has not been wasting much time getting the once-influential organization back into the headlines. Although generally regarded as an Anwar man, Mr. Hamidi has an independent streak which could yet embarrass the deputy prime minister and see the youth organization setting off on a course quite different from that of the national leadership in the coming months. The violent way in which a conference on East Timor was broken up by Malay youths last year certainly put Anwar in the difficult position of having to distance the government from the actions of his political ally. Since then, Mr. Hamidi has taken on far less politically troublesome (for Anwar! ) issues such as the Australian racism debate, Singapore-Malaysia relations and Malay social problems. However, the ability of UMNO Youth to act independently in the future should not be underestimated. It would not be surprising, for example, if the organization turns out to be the prod that keeps the current anti-corruption drive alive much longer than many local politicians would like.

Facebook and Privacy Essay

Objective Summary: Ex-Apple Engineer, Peter Warden, has collected public fan page data from 215 million Facebook pages, revealing current trends, such as ‘God’ being the number one most popular fan page among Facebook users in the Southern U.S., whereas ‘Barack Obama’ featured heavily for San Francisco users, and ‘Starbucks’ was number one in Idaho. Warden plans to release this data to the academic community because he sees great potential in the data that can be extracted from these sites. This process is called data harvesting. The article suggests future academic work in this area is likely to occu impacting on people’s privacy. (FACTS – 100 words) Response: The ETHICAL issue central to this article is privacy and control. On one hand, Warden claims his intentions are altruistic (helpful to others) and that the data he is making visible here is a matter of public discourse. However, the FACTS are that individual users who are generating this data have neither been consulted about the data collection nor have they given permission for Warden to use it. Clearly Warden does not VALUE other’s people’s privacy as much as he WANTS (emotion) to create the website. The argument could be made that once a user ‘becomes a fan’ of a page on Facebook or, indeed, publishes any content to the internet, that information becomes public. User who have deployed privacy settings to carefully maintain a strong sense of control over their profiles, however, might well feel very ANGRY about this use of their data. Facebook can harvest that data (and does, for targeted advertising purposes) because they have a commitment to those adve rtisers (emotion)and engineers like Warden can develop data-trawling engines to collect accessible information across a massive dataset. The LAW needs to be much clearer about the rights of consumers, companies and advertisers in these situations. As Facebook is presumably bound by its own set of critically considered ETHICAL guidelines, these are neverthess underpinned by commercial VALUES and a vested interest (emotion) in keeping the data of its users from competitors. Warden claims to be operating under his own set of ethics that privilege (value) the furthering of knowledge. The issue then shifts to the academic community. Warden contends that one of his central motivations for collecting this data was so that he could share it with the academic community. Although this claim may be true, most (if not, all) Universities have clear ETHICAL guidelines for research that explicitly VALUE and therefore require consent from participants. If none of the users gave consent for their data to be collected in this way, this in effect denies them a sense of AGENCY. Thus, academically, this data is tainted. While its implications are important the trends it makes visible are crucial to understanding the localised structures of social network sites like Facebook. Personally, I would believe people should be able to tick a box that gives consent for the use of their personal material. I do not believe, either, that it should be one of those boxes you are obliged to tick before being able to use a site: that removes my personal AGENCY and I VALUE this very much. It should be up to me to decide whether other people get my data. If this sort of system was in place, everyone would know the FACTS, everyone would understand what is going on and no one would feel (emotion) betrayed or exposed unfairly.

How Does Social Deviation Affect Culture?

Every human culture has members who exhibit deviant behavior. Deviant behavior is any action that is criminal, unacceptable, confusing or just strange to the majority of the culture's members. Each culture differs in its response and handling of deviant behavior. For example, behavior that would land someone in a mental institution in the United States might cause placement as the village shaman in other cultures. Although deviance might be harmful to a culture, it is also essential to cultural flexibility and change. Crime oUnited States culture classifies some deviant behavior as criminal.This sort of behavior has written laws and sanctions against it. Persons who act in such ways are liable to be arrested and punished in the judicial system. Most crime has victims who are hurt or otherwise negatively affected by the behavior. Criminal behavior influences others in a culture by inducing fear and anger at the criminals and sadness for the victims. Crime rates can drastically alter c ities and neighborhoods in appearance and demographics. Vagrancy oVagrancy deviates from cultural norms requiring that all persons hold taxable employment and reside in a structure zoned for residence paid for by rent or mortgage.Vagrancy is an example of a crime gray zone. Anti-vagrancy laws do exist to discourage the behavior, but most people do not consider the behavior criminal. Rather, people consider the behavior unacceptable or repulsive. The presence of vagrant behavior can reduce the success of a city or town business economy, cause others discomfort when confronted with the behavior in the public sphere and reduce the number of persons available for employment. Weakening of Norms oOne of the biggest threats deviation holds to a culture's status quo is the weakening of norms.If too many people are allowed to operate with deviant behavior, the behavioral norm becomes violated. This might occur in a cycle. Professor Lisa Barnett of Coe College states that a weakening of cultu ral norms might actually cause deviant behavior. Creation of New Norms oThe ability of deviant behavior to weaken norms might also provide a positive construction of new norms. For example, 40 years ago in the United States, most people considered body piercing to be deviant behavior. It was not illegal, but the culture deemed the act repulsive.As more people began expressing this deviant behavior, norms against body piercing weakened. Today, body piercing is more culturally acceptable than ever in the United States. Revolution oWhen deviants seek not only to go against cultural norms, but also to change them significantly, cultural revolution can occur. Deviants may present a completely alternative lifestyle to what is predominantly held as acceptable. If enough people adopt the deviant lifestyle, the behavior is no longer deviant and itself becomes the norm. The cycle then continues when persons deviate from the newly established norms.

Income Inequality Essay

Nowadays, China has become the second largest economy in the world. The GDP (gross domestic product) of china was growing at 9. 7% per year in average since 1978, which the year of Chinese â€Å"open door† politic founded. China also has become the biggest producer and consumer in many key agricultural and industrial markets and the largest FDI recipient among the developing countries. The performance of china in developing of economy is called â€Å"china’s economic miracle†, which be studied by many economists. However, there are also bad results with the development of economy in china such as environment disruption, corruption and income inequality, which have been seen as important issues to Chinese society and its future economic growth. The income inequality in china The rising income inequality in china is seen as the most important issue to Chinese society and its future economic growth by many economists recently. The income inequality in china is complex and multi-dimensional, which is divided to four aspects that rural-urban income inequality, regional inequality, marginalisation and class formation. The rural-urban income inequality actually has been existed in china since 1949. However, with the economic focus from agriculture shift to industry, the rural-urban income inequality gets large increased from 1984. These data which followed significantly showed the huge increasing of urban-rural income inequality in china Figure 1 Urban and rural incomes per capita (1978-2006) Figure 2 Ratio of urban/rural incomes per capita (1978-2006)  As shown in figure 1, the urban-rural income inequality per capita increased from 200 Yuan at 1978 to about 8,000 Yuan at 2006. The figure 2 also showed about the increasing urban-rural income inequality that the ratio of urban to rural income per capita increased from 2. 5 at 1978 to 3. 3 by 2007 though it lower to 1. 8 at 1984. The regional income inequality is mainly caused by the â€Å"open door† policy. The provinces near coast in china such as Guangdong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang have geographical advantage to get FDI (foreign direct investment) and export products. At the same time, the Chinese government made these places as special economic zones, which provided preferential tax policy to foreign investors to â€Å"make a few people rich first†. As the figure 3 showed below, the east only accounted for 42. 8% population but get 86. 9% FDI and 92. 6% exports in china. The centre and west just get very little FDI and exports. Therefore, this policy tendency and geographical advantage made a deep gap between regional areas, mainly the southeast and northwest areas. Figure 3 Regional income inequalities in GDP, FDI, and exports in China in 2006  Figure 4 Regional income inequalities in per capita GDP, 1992 and 2007 at current prices As shown in figure 4, the regional income inequality in per capita GDP was not significant in 1992 except few cities like Beijing and shanghai. However, the data showed that in 2007, there is an obvious income inequality per capita GDP between east and west, which the highest number is 7 times to the lowest number. The Marginalisation and class formation are the other important aspects of income inequality in China. Economists usually use the Gini coefficients to describe the income inequality in a significant way. The Gini coefficient can range from 0 to 1; it is sometimes multiplied by 100 to range between 0 and 100. A low Gini coefficient indicates a more equal distribution, with 0 corresponding to complete equality, while higher Gini coefficients indicate more unequal distribution, with 1 corresponding to complete inequality. Generally, the income inequality is acceptable if the Gini coefficient range from 0. 2-0. 4, and we can see the Gini coefficients of China bellowed.

Working with Others Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working with Others - Essay Example As I progressed, another strategy I used was to be supportive. I ensured that I offer support to those who are in need of help. My exhibition of generosity helped me develop a number of important relationships at work. Another vital point in my work was that I adopted the habit of speaking positively about others. The benefit was that as I spoke about others in a positive way, others who heard me counted me as a good personality. As a result, I have found that the number of people who were ready to help me increases day by day. Another important strategy in building positive relationships at work was to present my skills and knowledge in front of others. I ensured that I exhibit my skills and proficiency in all the office meetings. It became clear that as I presented things in an interesting way, all my colleagues were happy listening to me and appreciating me. Thus, I learnt the fact that showing my abilities is very necessary to make other people approach me. In addition, I ensured that I encourage collaboration. For that purpose, I invited others to share my works and offered them to share their works. This way I ensure that other people around me are felt valued. Moreover, I have to mention here that I ensure that I keep the people around me happy through adopting a pleasing personality and a sense of humour. Furthermore, it is my strategy to behave in a polite way to everyone in the organisation. I ensure that a degree of politeness is kept while interacting with everyone from any position.

Assignment on Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment on Project management - Essay Example At the same time production and sales team should try to reduce production, marketing and sales cost. In order to reduce Cost, Company can try for new techniques for marketing as well as sales, but while doing so customer reaction to these changes should not be ignored. If any changes are done without analyzing market reaction it may result in crisis. â€Å"Gourmet Direct is a web-based New Zealand company delivering high quality gourmet products to the food industry and the public. The company experienced a crisis of customer confidence and loss of business when it attempted to rationalize its product lines by changing from a pick and mix ordering system to having only a set number of packs available for sale. This change was designed to achieve cost savings through a reduced inventory and reduced distribution expenses, but had a further consequence of reducing product availability and ordering flexibility for customers. Customers immediately expressed their displeasure, and the company’s sales plunged dramatically in the year that the decision was implemented. With the bulk of the companys sales usually occurring over the Christmas period, December sales almost halved. The following first quarter sales dropped an alarming 76% compared to the same period in the previous year† In this case company changed its sales policies from a pick and mix ordering system to having only a set number of packs available for sale in order to reduce inventory and distribution expenses, But due to this changes customers found less options for selection and faced lack of availability of product. This was the actual reason for customer dislikes and they stopped buying, which finally resulted in reduced sales on company side. Clearly this is mistake from company’s side. Company should not have implemented changes suddenly all over market at the same time.

Project portfolio using Prince2 methodology Essay

Project portfolio using Prince2 methodology - Essay Example The prime purposes of the project of P3 are to penetrate into the business markets of London and ensure long-term sustainability. With regards to the new product launch, the expectations of the customer will be mainly concerned with the quality of the same in alignment with the changing trends of the market in relation to similar aspects. The team structure of P3 mainly comprises highly skilled professionals possessing varied complementary abilities as well as skills that might aid will certainly aid in introducing the innovative product in the London business markets. In order to meet the specification of the customers of London, the product designing team of P3 will be responsible. In respect of developing the unidirectional microphone and speaker set product in the London business markets, the applicable standards will be mainly building the product in such a manner that complies with the respective needs of the customers. An effective organisational structure will help the R&D team to obstruct mismanagement and improve productivity at large. Thus, in order to meet the quality standards with the customers’ specifications, the product will be tested through pre and post launch. From the strategic viewpoint, it can be inferred that P3 will remain highly engaged in ensuring proper care regarding the display of products in different stores through applying varied effective strategies including dust reduction and proper storage among others. With regards to maintain proper management and succession, P3 needs to get prepared for the technological reforms and communicate in regular manner with the development team for making future changes and improvements. Configuration management plan is effective in order to manage any possible change in internal along with external forces. Moreover, the written plan will be effective for the different department employees to understand their respective job roles. It can

Early Childhood Disabilities Program Case Study

Early Childhood Disabilities Program - Case Study Example The research for this report was mainly secondary and qualitative since primary research is restricted by time constraint for this report. The data was mostly collected from secondary literature and books and was based on information which was already available. Books and internet were the two main sources for data collection. An outline of the project management with an overview of its key elements is covered in this report. Although there is an abundance material available on the topic, this report is restricted to the work made available by authors on the topic of project management. The topic is broad and the information available from internet sources is limited therefore it is beyond the scope of this research to cover every aspect of project management. The selected information is applied only to a particular organization in Kuwait. Project management is defined by the Project Managements Institute (PMI) as 'a temporary endeavor undertaken to produce a unique product, service or result' (Lewis, 2006). In his book Fundamentals of Project Management (2006) , Lewis describes a project as being a onetime endeavor having a definite beginning and end , a budget, a defined scope of the work which needs to be done and the performance requirements which have to be met. The integration of processes such as, initiating, planning and executing, monitoring and control, and closing, results in project management. According to Lock (2007) before a project can be initiated, it is important to clearly establish its requirements, document them and to understand them. The first stage of project management requires the project to be defined. He also states that a project cannot be expected to be successful unless the requirements are adequately defined and documented. This includes the development of a feasibility report, which appraises the technical, logistic, environmental, commercial and financial aspects which may impact the project (Lock, 2007). The purpose of the feasibility is to ensure that the project is headed in the right direction and lets investors can make their decisions based on expert advice. Initiation also involves developing checklists which ensure that no important activity is left out in the process of project evaluation. After the requirements are established, the project scope needs to be determined (Lock, 2007). Legal consideration, contracts and negotiations with vendors and customers, quality control and termination are all a part of the project initiation and execution (Cleland & Ireland, 2004). Project management includes the planning activities such as development of goals and objectives, development of WBS, schedule for work, control and evaluation. According to Lewis (2006) at a basic level a project management planning includes: A project statement Project mission statement Project objectives Project work requirement with all the

The Rising Cost of Obstetrics and Pre-natal Care in the U.S Research Paper

The Rising Cost of Obstetrics and Pre-natal Care in the U.S - Research Paper Example For commercial coverage, a pregnant woman to deliver by vaginal birth will incur average payments of $12,500 while for cesarean childbirth the patient has to pay $16,983. In Medicaid, payments are down: vaginal births cost $6,117 and $7,983 for cesarean births. For both Commercial and Medicaid, payments are 25% lower. Commercial insurers have a record of 100% payment than Medicaid. (Truven Health Analytics, 2013, p. 17) Payments for both vaginal and cesarean methods go to professional services, surgical fees, therapeutic fees, and so on. Payments for maternal care are higher than childbirth. These payments go to facility fees, professional fees, laboratory charges, and payments for drugs, among others. (Truven Health Analytics, 2013, p. 18) Will Affordable Care Act (ACA) solve this problem of rising cost of childbirth? The ObamaCare wants to expand the responsibilities and benefits of Medicaid by discarding the preconditions and cover more benefits for pregnant women. If the Obama ad ministration is able to fully implement the ObamaCare, then this might solve the problem. The Medicaid program can solve the problem by expanding the benefits and by strengthening its imbursement rate. One of the complaints against the Medicaid was its imbursement rate which was too low (Chua, 2006, p. 2). Enrollees had to search for private insurance to have more benefits. But if this discrepancy is corrected, then American women might change their minds. Through the Affordable Care Act, the administration has put more investments for health insurance in the amount of $10 billion annually for the next five years. The first goal is to digitize the health information system. The next step is to scratch away the... The Rising Cost of Obstetrics and Pre-natal Care in the U.S. The problem with cesarean births and the needed medicine has first to be addressed because of its high cost. The ObamaCare has also increased the coverage of Medicaid. This is one of the most significant phases of the law since Medicaid has a reputation of low imbursement rate. Added to this is the fact that it covers the poor and most vulnerable sector of society. Putting more emphasis on financing, the government can improve the performance of Medicaid and Medicare in order to improve quality of healthcare. High cost of medicine, hospitalization, and all the other allied expenses can be addressed adequately and fairly. The ObamaCare must provide immediate help to the four million childbirths every year. The cost for this human phenomenon can be lowered to ensure that our young mothers and new-born babies receive the best quality-healthcare possible. Young pregnant women don’t know where to go. The government should address this by redirecting local governments to help solve the problem. Present costs of vaginal and cesarean childbirths, from $32,093 and $51,125 respectively, have got to be reduced through government financing. The situation – that young pregnant women have nowhere to go and are struggling of the high cost of laboratory tests – can be reversed. The world must again feel that the American healthcare system is the best. That can only happen if Americans feel safe about their health.

COLLEGE ALGEBRA-DISCUSSION BOARD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

COLLEGE ALGEBRA-DISCUSSION BOARD - Essay Example Therefore e = 1 + 1/1 +  ½ + 1/3 +  ¼ †¦. Alternatively, e =1 + 1 + 1/ (1Ãâ€" 2) + 1/ (1 Ãâ€" 2 Ãâ€" 3) †¦. This makes e to have special characteristics that makes it a useful constant in mathematics. The first property of e is that it is a transcendental number. This implies that, e cannot be a root of any non-zero polynomial f (x) that has rational coefficients. Other useful mathematical constants are Ï€ and i. The number e has many uses that result directly from its characteristics. The number is useful in calculus where it is used to perform integral and differential operations that involve exponential functions. The number is of particular interest in indefinite integrals since it enables calculation of lower and upper bound for such integrals. The number is also applied in complex analysis as Euler’s identity. In this case cos x + i sin x = eix. In business arithmetic, the function is applied in the calculation of compound interest. Finally, the constant is applied in statistics to calculate Bernoulli

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Management - Essay Example Competing values framework for psychological states defines appropriate behavior that has to be upheld during negotiations. During negotiations, there is the existence of conflicting cultures that may co-exist due to different characteristics of the management team (Drucker, 2012). This should be appropriately handled during negotiations. Refers to the mastery of the knowledge and skills required to enhance sustained success in the current changing business environment. This means that the leaders of the company in negotiations should carefully highlights and extensively consider the scope of competency they have. The leaders to be chosen during the negotiations should be having immense skills and experience needed to propel their respective companies to greater heights. This wills enhance their business competitiveness in the current times of stiff global competition. (Drucker, 2012). The agenda for personal leadership improvement helps the company to use small innovations that can be proven directly, to come up with products of higher quality faster. This will totally enhance customer advantage as they are currently asking for faster and higher quality products than ever before (Drucker,

Public Art Essay Example for Free

Public Art Essay The core exhibition will be based on the work of two chosen photographers due to the inability to investigate a larger number , this is because they are too many and wide spread that an attempt to look at all of them would be almost impossible , costly and time consuming. The programme will show the various works done by the photographer including digital arts, video installations all put together to give an in depth study of the history and success of the photographers The aim of the project is to explore the potential of new media, on-line technology, virtual reality/ interactive projects to provide new means of investigations on the same. To appreciate the works of the two photographers we will compare and contrast the much that they have brought to the field, what they still have to bring and the influence and education they have had on different individuals and areas of interaction. The two photographers to be investigated are Patrick Renschen and Russ Rosener. The work of Renschen is most inspirational and does not only touch on the basic art but has an in-depth meaning which one needs to be keen enough to grasp the whole idea behind the same and also be able to appreciate that such work could be so educative. The work of this particular photographer was one of a kind since it didn’t involve a norm or a routine which would be followed day in day out rather he tried to make it very exciting by carrying out researches on how to improve it and make it more satisfying to both him and his assistants. His aim was as well very clear in that he wanted not just to be the best but the only one in the field of engagement who could be counted on and relied on. He also ensured connecting them up electronically in all the archives, also documenting and publishing the work which is now held in regional, national and international museum collections and university centers, and to ensure wide accessibility to international and domestic audiences. The photographer had an exhibition that had all the history and development of the installation, and the critical legacy left in terms of the influence on contemporary sculpture, environmental art, and architecture to name but a few. He had presentations of all the original photographs, drawings, sketches, correspondence, and even written descriptions of every detail that he undertook, it also had all the interpretations by curators and art critics such John Elderfield and Fred Brookes. The photographer also was keen to display new commissioned documentation by leading artists/photographers. He traced the evolution using interactive digital projects he also used digital animation and 3D articulation of the key design and sculptural elements just to ensure perfection and accuracy was maintained throughout the whole exercise. The photographer also employed lots of subordinate staff to help in the completion of his work. A commission for a photographer/artist to generate new visual images for the exhibition based on the environmental and architectural aspects alongside a detailed study of the same, and the art works locations associated with him. Possible portraiture commission, to photograph people associated with the photographer this was for the record and for future references and evidence of their participation and also a way of making them feel appreciated. He worked hard to ensure that he was always on site despite his tight schedule but since at times he was faced with some unavoidable circumstances, he was not left out in having planned in advance for such emergencies, in his absence work went on just as usual since there was a commission of artists and photographers to produce a new body of work based on the idea that his absence was a test on their accountability and reliability. The photographer would even incorporate fresh blood and brain from schools and colleges by involving students to participate in the same using existing archives and sketches. Production of a set of 3D architectural models, drawings and projections documenting the findings and proposing hypothetical outcome. The photographer had interactive architectural and digital arts research and their restoration project possibly organized to collaborate well with the agenda in question. This brought together many architects artists and IT engineers to construct an interactive virtual representation , tracing its iconography and evolution from conception through the various stages of the construction and design. The photographer used on line chat room and interactive website/3D virtual, allowing scholars, artists and researchers from different countries to contribute their views and suggestions as he believed in being dynamic. He believed in the use of new technology to visualize and construct alternative on line solutions to problems encountered in his work. Unlike Patrick Renschen, Russ Rosener, another world renowned photographer had a whole different approach to the same photography both as a career and as an interactive kind of work. He is so different from other photographers in that he has not specialized in only one area of photography and he has a diverse range of areas where he features. He covers a wide range of activities which he says gives him better exposure and satisfaction as there is no word as boredom which many photographers tend to suffer from. He has much of his corporate work covering international assignments and duties such as annual reports, portraiture, advertising and social responsibility programmes. Whether he is all alone or leading a group of individuals he can be relied on by a company that minds the global competitiveness in the field for his experience and enthusiastic nature, he is also very flexible and his approach to his job is not static rather depends on the situation and content. He is able to ensure that his clients can rely on him to be able to deliver high quality material and best results which is easy for anyone to access and even use across print, present and web based media they are also able to represent their company to a very high professional standard due to the high competition facing them thus requiring one to have a competitive advantage over the others. (Rosenblum, Naomi) As a photographer he is able to maintain both quality and confidentiality in his work and in this very dynamic sector thus ensuring client loyalty and repeat buying by same customers instead of finding new people altogether which is a costly and hard situation to gain. Being involved in social responsibility has only brought more demand to this photographer especially lately when most companies have embraced social responsibility as a requirement for the success and continuity of the companies; this is because they need credible pictures for the accurate representation of challenges and achievements associated with the whole project. The photographer says that his is not acquired kind of skill rather it is a born kind of art and assures anyone that for the best results and sure win he is the answer. He does most of his work as it presents itself to him and he does not have to go out there trying to be original by conducting research and even reading more and he has still managed to be a world well renowned photographer who can be counted among famous photographers. This could be due to the fact that he is so original and very clear compared to other photographers and he has maintained this all along without foregoing the quality for quantity when the work is too much, he is a slow but sure themed person who believes in quality and creating of trust in all his clients. The two photographers are quite controversial in that one is very resourceful and researchful while the other just sits and handles a situation as it presents itself to him and depending on what the clients wants as final results. All the same they don’t lack some similarities in that they are both result oriented and care about the quality of results that they deliver to their customers and fans as this is very important if they are to continue in business without losing it to competitors. The photographers have proved to be very reliable and for that they have gotten a lot of attention from both domestic and international markets and companies. Though the work of photography presents itself as full of fun and excitement all the time the two have cordially agreed that it also has its weak areas and also has a percent of boredom though they try as much as possible to keep on the fire and make the work the best they can. Generally photography can be seen as a very demanding area of undertaking due to its dynamic nature which makes it very unpredictable especially with the improvement in technology which happens almost on a daily basis and which they have to keep track of lest they become outdated and overcome by events. It is very important in the modern day and age and is require by every company and individual for the smooth running of the day to day activities. This area of photography is particularly very exciting and interesting since it involves mostly outdoor activities which is a good idea for lovers of site seeing and appreciating nature and what it has to offer. Where it takes place indoors its all the same quite interesting since its all flashy and all smiles especially for celebrities, fashion and models as one sees newest designs and shapes of different attires and poses for use elsewhere. This is especially so interesting to me since I love reading fashion magazines which contain a lot of photographers work and I get to appreciate every bit of it. In addition we should not forget the fact that the photographers have brought a lot of harmony to many different communities of the world at large through the theme contained in their works of art and for that we should not fail to appreciate their work even more. The photographer like any other person needs encouragement and the feeling of actualization and this is only possible if lots of his work is bought at a high rate and he gets more calls for the same.(Rosenblum, Naomi) The photographers have tried to a very large extent to encourage artistic growth and photography development to ensure that its not only them who stand to benefit but that generations to come will also appreciate and adopt what these great men and women of our land will have done and left behind for all to see. Many of these artists and photographers in particular have already started colleges and learning institutions where they are passing on the knowledge to other interested parties for the continuity, growth and development of this most dynamic field of photography. Photography has really gone to a whole new level altogether this due to the competition that the photographers are giving each other and no one wants to be ruled out of the market and so everyone is doing all they can to emerge as the best and most demanded. A good example is like the move that photographers like Marcus have taken by coming up with photographs that document the history and development of say a certain state and put it in his work of art, this is so essential because most people generally hate the aspect of learning but since this will present itself as having fun and studying some work of art, more people will be attracted to the same and this provides a chance for the to learn about the places they stay in and therefore appreciate how far they have come and where they are headed. We can therefore all accept that all photographers have done much to achieve greater things and heights at both individual, national and international level and so we cant let them go unnoticed and it’s the duty of each one of us to ensure that the photographers and other artists grow to the greatest heights by supporting them in they work. Finally is to all artists out there both the well known and who have the basis and those who are just starting the work and realizing their talent to keep up their work and even go the extra mile to give us more that we have not yet seen  and are eagerly waiting for that and more. Thesis statement The photographers have a bright future ahead if they keep up with the pace and ensure that research and technology development is top on their agenda. Sources 1.Rosenblum, Naomi. A World History of Photography. 3rd edition. New York: Abbeville Press, 1997. 2.Johnson, William. Nineteenth-century Photography: An Annotated Bibliography, 1839-1879. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1990. 3.Roosens, Laurent, and Luc Salu. History of Photography: A Bibliography of Books. London: Mansell, 1989. 4.Rosenblum, Naomi. History of Women Photographers. Updated and Expanded Edition. New York: Abbeville Press, 2000.